Grade 7 Spring — The Early-Modern World c. 1450-1750 CE in Six Simultaneous Formations: Italian + Northern Renaissance, the Reformation and Wars of Religion, the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Exploration with Zheng He Precedence and Multi-Perspective Encounter, the Conquest of Mexica and Inca from Indigenous Perspectives, Ongoing Indigenous Resistance through Pueblo Revolt 1680 and Itzá Maya 1697, the Atlantic Slave Trade Origins with African Voices Centered, the Mughal Empire (KS3 Non-European Society Study), Ming/Qing China with Zheng He 1405-1433, Tokugawa Japan, and the Ottoman Empire — Whose Renaissance? Whose Discovery? Whose Conquest?

Analyze the SPANISH CONQUEST OF INCA 1532-1572 FROM ANDEAN PERSPECTIVES — Pizarro vs. Atahualpa (civil war context), Cajamarca 16 November 1532, ongoing Vilcabamba neo-Inca state 1537-1572, and Tupac Amaru I's 1572 execution — anchored in Rostworowski + Guaman Poma 1615

Examine the conquest 1532-1572 with ANDEAN-FIRST narrative — Tahuantinsuyu ('four parts united') at 1530 spanned ~2 million km² and 10-12 million people from Quito to Santiago; Huayna Capac dies of smallpox c.1525-1527 (epidemic preceded Pizarro by ~7 years!); Huáscar-Atahualpa civil war 1529-1532 wins Atahualpa just as Pizarro arrives; Cajamarca encounter 16 November 1532 — 168 Spaniards capture Atahualpa via ambush; gold-room ransom + Atahualpa executed July 1533; Cuzco taken 1533; Manco Inca 1536 revolt + Vilcabamba neo-Inca state 1537-1572 (35-year armed resistance); Tupac Amaru I executed at Cuzco 1572 by Viceroy Toledo (set up for G8 — Tupac Amaru II 1780-1783 revolt continuity arc); quipu knot-records reframed as documentary primary sources per Urton + Hyland. Centers Quechua + Aymara present-tense protocol — ~8 million Quechua speakers + ~2 million Aymara speakers in contemporary Peru/Bolivia/Ecuador.

Exercise pool (5)