Grade 7 Spring — The Early-Modern World c. 1450-1750 CE in Six Simultaneous Formations: Italian + Northern Renaissance, the Reformation and Wars of Religion, the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Exploration with Zheng He Precedence and Multi-Perspective Encounter, the Conquest of Mexica and Inca from Indigenous Perspectives, Ongoing Indigenous Resistance through Pueblo Revolt 1680 and Itzá Maya 1697, the Atlantic Slave Trade Origins with African Voices Centered, the Mughal Empire (KS3 Non-European Society Study), Ming/Qing China with Zheng He 1405-1433, Tokugawa Japan, and the Ottoman Empire — Whose Renaissance? Whose Discovery? Whose Conquest?
History · HIS G7 hist.g7.s.his.indigenous_resistance_pueblo_revolt_maya_amaru

Analyze ONGOING INDIGENOUS RESISTANCE 1521-1700 — Tupac Amaru I 1572 Vilcabamba (carryover), ongoing Maya resistance Yucatán 1527-1697 + Itzá Maya at Nojpetén 1697, and the PUEBLO REVOLT 1680 led by Po'pay of Ohkay Owingeh — the only successful Indigenous expulsion of European colonizers in North America

Examine ongoing Indigenous resistance refusing 'conquest complete in 1521/1532' framing. Maya resistance Yucatán — Spanish Montejo campaigns 1527-1546 + Maya resistance continuous + Itzá Maya at Nojpetén (Lake Petén Itzá) held out until 13 March 1697 — 170 YEARS after first Spanish arrival; 6+ million contemporary Maya speakers across 30 named languages including Yucatec/K'iche'/Q'eqchi'/Mam/Kaqchikel/Tzotzil/Tzeltal/Chol in Mexico/Guatemala/Belize/Honduras present-tense per Clendinnen 1987 + Restall 1998 + Grandin 2004; Caste War of Yucatán 1847-1901 continuity. Tupac Amaru I 1545-1572 — last neo-Inca ruler of Vilcabamba captured + publicly executed Cuzco 24 September 1572 (continuity to G8 Tupac Amaru II 1780-1783). PUEBLO REVOLT 1680 — Po'pay/Popé of Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo) leads coordinated revolt of 17 Pueblos August 10 1680 across 400 miles; 21 Spanish friars + 380 colonists killed + ~2,000 Spaniards driven from New Mexico for 12 YEARS 1680-1692 (Diego de Vargas reconquest 1692-1696); 19 Pueblos of New Mexico present-tense per Sando 1991 (Jemez Pueblo) + Dozier 1970 (Santa Clara Pueblo).

Mastery threshold
90%
Min instances
12
Typical minutes
55
Spaced intervals (days)
1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60
Prereqs
Successors
  • hist.g8.f.civ.american_revolution
    (not yet loaded)
Common misconceptions
  • Believing Indigenous peoples 'gave up' after 1521/1532 — refuted: Pueblo Revolt 1680, Itzá Maya 1697, Tupac Amaru II 1780-1783, ongoing resistance to present
  • Believing Indigenous societies were 'fragmented' and resistance was localized — Pueblo Revolt 1680 coordinated 17 Pueblos across 400 miles using runners with knotted cords — sophisticated continental-scale organization
  • Believing the 'Spanish frontier' was Spanish — refuted: Pueblo peoples remain present-tense in 19 Pueblos of New Mexico; the land was and is Indigenous

Exercise pool (4)

Diff Stem Type
3 Name Po'pay + 1680 date + 17 Pueblos coordinated + 12-year span 1680-1692. Why is the Pueblo Revolt unique in North American history? short answer
4 How does Itzá Maya at Nojpetén 1697 refute Restall MYTH 4 (completion)? Cite specific dates + duration of resistance. refusal argument
4 Write a 200-word claim-evidence-warrant essay 'Why is Zapatista EZLN 1994 part of Maya resistance history?' Apply MG-9 Living-Descendant... claim evidence warrant
5 Write a 300-word claim-evidence-warrant essay 'Why is the Pueblo Revolt 1680 a turning point in North American history?' Apply MG-9... claim evidence warrant