Rise of Fascism 1920s-30s — Mussolini, Hitler, Imperial Japan + Spanish Civil War + Munich Appeasement 1938

Display Picasso Guernica 1937 image (24x60 reproduction). Read aloud Churchill Oct 5 1938 House of Commons speech reacting to Munich (1 paragraph): 'We have sustained a total and unmitigated defeat.'

• Display Guernica
• Read Churchill Oct 5 1938
• Recite TWELVE PROMISES

Today traces rise of fascism 1920s-30s + appeasement. WHAT IS FASCISM (Paxton 2004 Five Stages): palingenetic ultranationalism (myth of national rebirth from decadence/defeat); corporatism (state-mediated class collaboration); violent paramilitary mobilization; cult of leader; rejection of liberal democracy. ITALY — Mussolini March on Rome Oct 28 1922 (King Victor Emmanuel III appointed PM despite ~30,000 paramilitary blackshirts insufficient for actual coup); 1925-26 Acerbo Law + Aventine Secession + dictatorship; corporate state; invasion of Ethiopia Oct 3 1935 (refuted League sanctions, Haile Selassie speech to League June 30 1936 — directly previewed decolonization Lesson 17); Spanish Civil War Mussolini support Franco 1936-39. GERMANY — Weimar Republic 1919-33 + hyperinflation 1923 + Great Depression 1929; Hitler born Austria 1889 + Mein Kampf Vol 1 1925 + Vol 2 1926; NSDAP electoral rise 1928 2.6% → 1932 37.3%; Hitler appointed Chancellor Jan 30 1933 by President Hindenburg; Reichstag Fire Feb 27 1933 + Reichstag Fire Decree (suspended civil liberties) + Enabling Act March 23 1933 (dictatorship); SA paramilitary + Night of the Long Knives June 30 – July 2 1934 (Hitler purged Röhm + SA in favor of SS); Hindenburg died Aug 2 1934 + Hitler became Führer; NUREMBERG LAWS Sept 15 1935 (Reich Citizenship Law stripped Jewish citizenship + Law for Protection of German Blood and Honor banned intermarriage); Anti-Comintern Pact Nov 25 1936 (Germany + Japan + later Italy 1937); ANSCHLUSS March 12 1938 (Austrian annexation); MUNICH AGREEMENT Sept 29 1938 (Chamberlain + Daladier + Mussolini + Hitler — ceded Sudetenland Czechoslovakia + Chamberlain 'peace for our time' Sept 30); Czechoslovakia invasion March 15 1939; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Aug 23 1939; KRISTALLNACHT Nov 9-10 1938 ('Night of Broken Glass' — 267+ synagogues destroyed + 7,500+ Jewish businesses + 91 Jews murdered + 30,000 Jewish men arrested + sent to camps — direct preview Lesson 10). IMPERIAL JAPAN — Meiji Restoration 1868 industrialization + military expansion; defeated Russia 1905 first non-European victory over European power in modern era; Annexation of Korea Aug 22 1910 (occupation until 1945); Mukden Incident Sept 18 1931 + Manchuria; League of Nations Lytton Report 1932 + Japan withdrew March 27 1933; SINO-JAPANESE WAR July 7 1937 – Aug 15 1945; NANJING MASSACRE Dec 13 1937 – Jan 1938 (Iris Chang 1997 The Rape of Nanking + Honda 1972 — 200,000+ killed + 20,000+ rapes per IMTFE 1948 Tokyo Trial; documentation overwhelming per Yang 2006 + Brook 1999 — refuses contestation); Tripartite Pact Sept 27 1940 Germany + Italy + Japan. SPANISH CIVIL WAR July 17 1936 – April 1 1939 — Nationalist Franco (with German + Italian + Portuguese support) v. Republican (with Soviet + International Brigades support including ~2,800 US Lincoln Brigade + Hemingway war correspondent + Orwell Homage to Catalonia 1938); GUERNICA April 26 1937 Luftwaffe Condor Legion bombed Basque town + ~300+ civilians killed + Picasso Guernica painting May-June 1937 + 1937 Paris World's Fair Spanish Pavilion. APPEASEMENT debate: Chamberlain (PM 1937-40) believed concessions would prevent another WWI; Churchill backbencher 1929-39 + Oct 5 1938 'we have sustained a total and unmitigated defeat' + PM May 10 1940. Per Q11 MULTI-PERSPECTIVE: appeasement also reflected collective-security failure since 1931 + French + Soviet + US contexts + Depression-era reluctance + memory of WWI ~17M dead.

• Definitions matter.

  model Paxton 2004 Five Stages: palingenetic ultranationalism (myth of rebirth) + corporatism + violent paramilitary + cult of leader + rejection of liberal democracy. NOT identical to authoritarianism in general — has these specific ideological features.

  prompt What is fascism per Paxton 2004?
• Denialism is not perspective.

  model Documentation overwhelming per Honda 1972 + Brook 1999 + Yang 2006 + IMTFE 1948 Tokyo Trial. Iris Chang 1997 The Rape of Nanking made widely known in English. ~200,000+ killed + ~20,000+ rapes documented. Japanese-government denial since 1970s does not equal contestation. Per Q11 + Q5 corroboration.

  prompt Why is Nanjing Massacre not 'contested'?

• Define fascism per Paxton 2004.
• Trace Hitler escalation 1933-38.
• Why did Chamberlain pursue appeasement?

M-8-S-HIS-07-A Chart

36x48 left third — Mussolini 1922 + Hitler 1933 Reichstag fire + Nuremberg Laws 1935 + Anschluss 1938 + Munich Sept 29 1938 + Kristallnacht Nov 9-10 1938 + Imperial Japan Manchuria 1931 + Nanjing Dec 1937 + Spanish Civil War 1936-39 Guernica.

MG-14 Chart

MG-14 RISE OF FASCISM + WWII chart — 36x48; left third: rise of fascism 1920s-30s (Mussolini March on Rome 1922 + Hitler Beer Hall Putsch 1923 + Nazi Party 1933 Reichstag fire + Nuremberg Laws 1935 + Anschluss 1938 + Munich Agreement Sept 29 1938 Chamberlain appeasement + Imperial Japan Manchuria 1931 + Nanjing Massacre Dec 13 1937-Jan 1938 200,000+ killed + Spanish Civil War 1936-39 Guernica Picasso 1937); middle third: WWII European theater (Sept 1 1939 Poland invasion + Blitzkrieg + Battle of Britain 1940 + Operation Barbarossa June 22 1941 + Stalingrad Aug 1942-Feb 1943 + D-Day June 6 1944 + Battle of the Bulge Dec 1944 + Yalta Feb 1945 + VE Day May 8 1945); right third: Pacific theater (Pearl Harbor Dec 7 1941 + Doolittle Raid + Midway June 1942 + Guadalcanal + Iwo Jima Feb-March 1945 Joe Rosenthal photo + Okinawa April-June 1945 + Hiroshima Aug 6 + Nagasaki Aug 9 + VJ Day Aug 15 1945).

M-8-S-HIS-07-B Photograph

High-resolution reproduction Picasso Guernica May-June 1937 (oil on canvas 11.5ft x 25.5ft); caption: Luftwaffe Condor Legion bombing Guernica April 26 1937 + 1937 Paris World's Fair Spanish Pavilion + on permanent display Museo Reina Sofía Madrid since 1992.

M-8-S-HIS-07-C Photograph

Black-and-white photo Chamberlain + Hitler + Mussolini + Daladier at Munich Sept 29 1938; with Chamberlain Sept 30 1938 Heston Aerodrome 'peace for our time' caption + Churchill Oct 5 1938 'total and unmitigated defeat' counter-quote.

M-8-S-HIS-07-D Photograph

Photo Haile Selassie I Emperor of Ethiopia addressing League of Nations Geneva June 30 1936 after Italian invasion + caption excerpt: 'It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.' Direct preview of decolonization Lesson 17.

• Pairs: assigned 1 fascist regime (Italy / Germany / Japan); produce 3-min present-out applying Paxton's 5-feature framework.

  scaffold Regime-specific source packet
• VNPS: build appeasement timeline 1931-1939 + identify 3 missed off-ramps.

  scaffold Pre-filled timeline with 10 events

• Name 3 features of fascism per Paxton.
• Trace Hitler 1933 → 1938 escalation.
• Apply Q11 to Nanjing Massacre.

• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview Lesson 8: WWII

• Read Churchill Oct 5 1938 House of Commons + Chamberlain Sept 30 1938 'peace for our time' + write 1 paragraph applying Q11.