Great Depression 1929-1939 + New Deal — FDR, Frances Perkins, Eleanor Roosevelt, Dust Bowl, Multiple Perspectives on Government's Role

Play 60-sec FDR Fireside Chat #1 March 12 1933 (banking crisis). Display MG-13 chart with 25% unemployment 1933 + 9,000+ bank failure data.

• Play FDR audio clip
• Display MG-13
• Recite TWELVE PROMISES

Today covers the Great Depression 1929-1939 + New Deal. CAUSES: stock-market speculation + Black Thursday Oct 24 + Black Tuesday Oct 29 1929 (Dow lost 25% in 2 days); structural agricultural over-production + farm prices collapsing since 1921; banking-system weakness 9,000+ bank failures 1929-33; consumer-credit overhang; international gold-standard rigidity; Smoot-Hawley Tariff June 17 1930 worsened global trade contraction; Federal Reserve contractionary monetary policy per Friedman/Schwartz 1963. CONSEQUENCES: GDP fell ~30% 1929-33; unemployment peak 25% 1933 (~15M unemployed); 'Hoovervilles' shantytowns; Bonus Army March + ejection July 28 1932 (Hoover's Hooverville cleared by Douglas MacArthur with bayonets + tear gas + tanks at Eisenhower's protest); HARD-HIT GROUPS — Black unemployment 50%+ ('last hired, first fired'); Indigenous land 1887-1934 reduced from 138M acres to 48M acres per Dawes Act; Mexican American 'repatriation' 1929-39 ~400,000-1M deported including US citizens. DUST BOWL 1930-36 — drought + over-plowing + wind erosion 100M acres affected; ~2.5M migrants 'Okies' to California; Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother March 1936 + Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath April 1939 + Pulitzer + Ma Joad voice. FDR ELECTION Nov 8 1932 (defeated Hoover 472-59); First Inaugural March 4 1933 'the only thing we have to fear is fear itself'; First Hundred Days March 9 – June 16 1933 — 15 major laws; FIRESIDE CHATS 30 broadcasts 1933-44; NEW DEAL ALPHABET: Emergency Banking Act March 9 1933 + Glass-Steagall June 16 1933 + FDIC; AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act May 12 1933; CCC Civilian Conservation Corps March 31 1933 ~3M young men + planted 3B trees; PWA + WPA Works Progress Administration May 6 1935 ~8.5M employed Federal Writers Project + FAP Federal Art Project + Federal Theatre Project Hallie Flanagan; TVA Tennessee Valley Authority May 18 1933; National Recovery Administration NRA (struck down Schechter Poultry May 27 1935); SECOND NEW DEAL Wagner Act July 5 1935 (legal protection labor unions) + SOCIAL SECURITY ACT Aug 14 1935 (retirement insurance + unemployment insurance + AFDC); Indian Reorganization Act June 18 1934 John Collier reversed Dawes 1887 individual allotment + restored tribal governance (some reservations rejected via referendum). KEY ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION FIGURES: FRANCES PERKINS first woman Cabinet secretary Sec. of Labor 1933-45 + architect of SSA + WPA; ELEANOR ROOSEVELT redefined First Lady role + My Day column 1935-62 + civil rights advocacy + 1939 DAR resignation (Marian Anderson Easter Concert Lincoln Memorial April 9 1939 Howard U); HARRY HOPKINS WPA + FERA; HAROLD ICKES PWA; HARRY DEXTER WHITE Treasury. CRITIQUES from LEFT: Huey Long Share Our Wealth 1934 'every man a king' wealth redistribution + assassinated Sept 8 1935; Father Coughlin radio priest National Union for Social Justice 1934-42 (became antisemitic by 1938); Francis Townsend retirement-pension plan 1934. CRITIQUES from RIGHT: American Liberty League 1934-40 (du Pont + Al Smith + John W. Davis); Schechter Poultry 1935 + US v. Butler 1936 SCOTUS struck down NRA + AAA; FDR court-packing plan Feb 1937 failed; recession 1937-38. RACIAL EXCLUSIONS in New Deal per Katznelson 2005 When Affirmative Action Was White: SSA excluded domestic + agricultural workers (~65% of Black workforce); AAA paid landowners not tenants (displaced ~200,000 Black sharecroppers); CCC racially segregated; FHA red-lined (Lesson 12 covers redlining); HOLC Home Owners Loan Corp red-lining maps. MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES — pro-New-Deal (Perkins + Hopkins + Eleanor Roosevelt + most Black voters realigned to Democratic by 1936 'Roosevelt coalition'); left critics (Long + Coughlin + Townsend); right critics (Liberty League + SCOTUS).

• History rarely has one verdict.

  model Same programs evaluated differently: SSA = social safety net (pro) OR socialist erosion of self-reliance (right) OR insufficient + racially exclusionary (left). All three are historically present. Q11 MULTI-PERSPECTIVE required.

  prompt Why MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES on New Deal?
• Programs are not race-neutral by default.

  model Katznelson 2005 documents domestic + agricultural workers excluded from SSA (~65% of Black workforce); AAA paid landowners not tenants displacing Black sharecroppers; FHA red-lined; HOLC red-lining maps. The New Deal built mid-20c white middle class while excluding Black families from accumulated wealth. Q6 silences + Q12 PRESENT-CONNECTION to wealth-gap today.

  prompt Why is racial exclusion in New Deal important?

• Name 3 causes of Great Depression.
• Name 5 New Deal alphabet agencies.
• Per Katznelson 2005 how was New Deal racially exclusionary?

M-8-S-ECO-06-A Chart

24x36; left half causes + 25% unemployment + 9,000+ bank failures + Dust Bowl + Hoovervilles + Bonus Army; right half FDR Fireside Chats + alphabet agencies (CCC + WPA + TVA + SSA + Wagner) + Frances Perkins + Eleanor Roosevelt + IRA 1934; multiple perspectives panel pro/left/right; Katznelson 2005 racial-exclusion sidebar.

MG-13 Chart

MG-13 GREAT DEPRESSION + NEW DEAL chart — 24x36; left: bank failures (9,000+ 1929-33) + unemployment 25% peak 1933 + Dust Bowl 1930-36 Okies + Hoovervilles + Bonus Army 1932 + Black Tuesday Oct 29 1929; right: FDR Fireside Chats + New Deal alphabet (CCC + WPA + TVA + SSA Social Security Act 1935 + Wagner Act 1935 + FDIC + SEC + AAA + NRA struck down Schechter 1935); multiple perspectives panel: pro-New Deal (Frances Perkins first woman Cabinet secretary + Harry Hopkins + Eleanor Roosevelt) v. critics from the left (Huey Long Share Our Wealth) + critics from the right (Liberty League + American Liberty League) + Indigenous Reorganization Act 1934 Collier + the African American/Black New Deal exclusion debates.

M-8-S-ECO-06-B Photograph

Iconic Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother photograph March 1936 Nipomo CA (Florence Owens Thompson + 3 children); caption naming subject + Lange's FSA Farm Security Administration work + Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath 1939 connection; refuses anonymizing 'mother' caption.

M-8-S-ECO-06-C Audio Physical / non-image

Original FDR Fireside Chat #1 audio March 12 1933 on banking crisis; 12 minutes; classroom listening with transcript projected; teacher pauses 3 times for vocabulary.

M-8-S-ECO-06-D Photograph

Dual portrait Frances Perkins (1880-1965, first woman Cabinet Secretary, architect SSA) + Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962, redefined First Lady role + My Day column + Marian Anderson Easter Concert April 9 1939); caption naming each + 3-line bio.

• Pairs: assigned 1 alphabet agency; produce 3-min present-out with primary source + Q11 multi-perspective.

  scaffold Agency-specific source packet
• VNPS: T-chart PRO-New-Deal vs LEFT-critique vs RIGHT-critique on 3 specific programs (SSA + AAA + NRA).

  scaffold Pre-filled critique stems

• Name 3 New Deal programs.
• Per Katznelson 2005 what was racially exclusionary about SSA?
• Apply Q11 from LEFT-critique perspective.

• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview Lesson 7: Rise of fascism + appeasement

• Listen to 30 minutes of FDR Fireside Chats (any 2) + write 1 paragraph applying Q11 + Q12.