US Imperial Reach 1898-1917 — Spanish-American War, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary — from Filipino and Hawaiian Voices

Display MG-9 with US territorial acquisitions 1898 highlighted. Read aloud Aguinaldo's June 12 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence (1 sentence). 'The Spanish-American War lasted 4 months. The Philippine-American War that followed lasted 3+ years and killed 200,000+ Filipinos.'

• Display MG-9
• Read Aguinaldo June 12 1898 excerpt
• Recite TWELVE PROMISES

Today maps US imperial reach 1898-1917 from MULTIPLE perspectives. Spanish-American War April 21 – Aug 12 1898 (Cuba + USS Maine Feb 15 1898 ~260 US sailors killed + Yellow Journalism Hearst/Pulitzer + Teller Amendment); Treaty of Paris Dec 10 1898 ceded Cuba (independent 1902 with Platt Amendment 1901 reserving US intervention rights + Guantanamo 1903 lease) + Puerto Rico + Guam + Philippines for $20M. PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR Feb 4 1899 – July 2 1902 (~4,200 US dead + 200,000+ Filipino deaths per Karnow 1989 In Our Image); Emilio Aguinaldo June 12 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence (centered own-voice); brutal counterinsurgency including reconcentrados + waterboarding ('water cure'); refuses 'splendid little war' (John Hay) framing. Hawaii annexation July 7 1898 (Newlands Resolution) — Queen Liliuokalani overthrown Jan 17 1893 by US sugar planters with US Marine support (Bayonet Constitution 1887 + Hawaiian League); Liliuokalani 1893 protest + 1898 Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen + 1897 Ku'e Petitions ~21,000 Hawaiian signatures opposing annexation (38,000+ adult Hawaiians 1897). Puerto Rico unincorporated territory per Insular Cases 1901-22 (Downes v. Bidwell 1901 'foreign in a domestic sense'); Jones-Shafroth Act March 2 1917 US citizenship. Panama Canal 1903-79 — Roosevelt supported Panamanian separation from Colombia Nov 3 1903 + Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Nov 18 1903 ('I took the Canal'); Canal Zone US-controlled until Torrijos-Carter Treaties 1977. Roosevelt Corollary Dec 6 1904 to Monroe Doctrine — US claims international-police-power in Western Hemisphere; interventions Dominican Republic 1903 + Nicaragua 1912 + Haiti 1915-34 + Mexico Veracruz 1914. Anti-Imperialist League 1898-1920 (Mark Twain + Andrew Carnegie + W.E.B. Du Bois + Jane Addams). Q11 MULTI-PERSPECTIVE check: from Filipino + Hawaiian + Puerto Rican + Cuban perspectives the war was a colonial transfer not liberation.

• Whose splendid?

  model John Hay 1898 letter calling Spanish-American War 'a splendid little war' centers US perspective only. Philippine-American War cost 200,000+ Filipino lives. Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown. Puerto Ricans still lack voting representation in Congress. The MULTI-PERSPECTIVE check (Q11) requires Filipino + Hawaiian + Puerto Rican + Cuban voices.

  prompt Why refuse 'splendid little war'?
• Silences are not absence.

  model ~21,000 of ~38,000 adult Hawaiians signed petitions opposing annexation; for >100 years they were missing from the historical record; rediscovered 1997 + curriculum integration per Silva 2004 Aloha Betrayed. They are concrete evidence of Hawaiian resistance.

  prompt Why are Ku'e Petitions important?

• Name 3 territories acquired 1898.
• Per Karnow 1989 how many Filipinos died in Philippine-American War?
• Apply Q11 to Hawaii annexation.

M-8-S-GEO-03-A Map

24x36 map; Spanish-American War 1898 + Cuba + Puerto Rico + Philippines + Guam; Hawaii annexation 1898; Panama Canal Zone 1903-79; Roosevelt Corollary 1904 + interventions DR 1903 + Nicaragua 1912 + Haiti 1915 + Mexico 1914; Philippine-American War 1899-1902 deaths; named: Aguinaldo + Liliuokalani + Marti + de Diego.

MG-9 Map

MG-9 US IMPERIAL REACH 1898-1917 map (24x36) — Spanish-American War 1898 + Cuba + Puerto Rico + Philippines + Guam; Hawaii annexation 1898; Panama Canal Zone 1903-1979; Roosevelt Corollary 1904 + Big-Stick diplomacy + interventions in Dominican Republic 1903 + Nicaragua 1912 + Haiti 1915 + Mexico Veracruz 1914 + Philippine-American War 1899-1902 200,000+ Filipino deaths per Karnow 1989; named: Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino independence leader + Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii 1893 overthrow + Jose Marti Cuba + Jose de Diego Puerto Rico.

M-8-S-GEO-03-B Photograph

Portrait Queen Liliuokalani (1838-1917) + image of one Ku'e Petition page with Hawaiian-language signatures + 1897 caption + Silva 2004 attribution + caption: 21,000 of ~38,000 adult Hawaiians signed.

M-8-S-GEO-03-C Photograph

Portrait Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) + image of June 12 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence + Philippine flag first display + 200,000+ Filipino death-toll caption refusing 'splendid little war'.

• Pairs: assigned to 1 of 5 territories; produce 3-min present-out applying Q11 from BOTH US and Indigenous/resident perspectives.

  scaffold Territory-specific source packet
• VNPS: rank 5 territories by current status (US state / commonwealth / territory / independent with US presence / independent); discuss why differences.

  scaffold Pre-filled territory status chart

• Name 5 territories acquired 1898-1917.
• Whose voice does Aguinaldo 1898 Declaration center?
• Apply Q12 to Puerto Rico's current status.

• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview Lesson 4: WWI

• Read 1 page of Liliuokalani Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen 1898 + apply MG-7 Q1 + Q11.