Progressive Era 1900-1920 — Muckrakers, Antitrust, Food Safety, Child Labor; 19th Amendment AND Black Women's Struggle for the Vote

Read Crenshaw 1989 short excerpt: 'When the 19th Amendment was ratified, Black women were already living under Jim Crow. The amendment did not protect them at the polls.' Display MG-23 Voting Rights Expansion Timeline showing 1920 + the >40-year gap to VRA 1965 for Black women in the South.

• Read Crenshaw 1989 excerpt
• Display MG-23 Voting Rights Expansion Timeline
• Recite TWELVE PROMISES

Today we cover Progressive Era reforms 1900-1920 across SIX columns of MG-8: (1) women's suffrage culminating in 19th Amendment Aug 18 1920 AND the Black women's struggle for the vote that continued until VRA 1965 (Wells + Mary Church Terrell + Anna Julia Cooper + Frances E.W. Harper + Adella Hunt Logan + NACW 1896 — 100,000+ members by 1900s; Alpha Suffrage Club 1913 Chicago founded by Wells); (2) antitrust (Sherman 1890 + Standard Oil Co. v. United States 221 U.S. 1 1911 broke into 34 companies + Clayton Act 1914 + FTC 1914); (3) food safety after Sinclair The Jungle Feb 26 1906 — Pure Food and Drug Act + Meat Inspection Act both June 30 1906; (4) child labor National Child Labor Committee 1904 + Keating-Owen Act Sept 1 1916 (struck down Hammer v. Dagenhart 1918) + Fair Labor Standards Act June 25 1938; (5) labor reforms after Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire March 25 1911 (146 garment workers killed mostly Jewish + Italian immigrant women age 14-43) + ILGWU 1900 + Frances Perkins (NY State industrial commissioner → first woman Cabinet secretary 1933); (6) muckrakers Tarbell McClure's 1904 Standard Oil 19 serial parts + Riis How the Other Half Lives 1890 + Steffens Shame of the Cities 1904 + Sinclair The Jungle 1906. Wilson re-segregated federal workforce 1913 — Progressive Era was NOT uniformly progressive on race per Yellin 2013.

• Suffrage is plural not singular.

  model 19th Amendment 1920: from white middle-class suffragist perspective = victory; from Black Southern woman perspective = paper right unenforced for 45 more years; from Indigenous woman perspective = excluded entirely until Indian Citizenship Act 1924 + state-law exclusions in AZ/NM until 1948; from Chinese American woman perspective = excluded entirely until McCarran-Walter 1952 + 1965 Immigration Act.

  prompt Why MG-7 Q11 MULTI-PERSPECTIVE here?
• Intent and effect diverge.

  model Sinclair: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach.' Intended socialist critique of meatpacking labor conditions; produced food-safety reform. Q3 source-purpose + Q6 silences (labor critique muted).

  prompt What did Sinclair intend with The Jungle?

• Name 3 Progressive Era reforms with dates.
• Per Crenshaw 1989 why did 19th Amendment 1920 not equal universal suffrage?
• Apply Q11 to Sinclair The Jungle.

M-8-S-CIV-02-A Chart Physical / non-image

18x24 with 6 columns: women's suffrage (19th Amendment + Black women's struggle); antitrust (Sherman + Standard Oil + Clayton); food safety (Sinclair + Pure Food + Meat Inspection); child labor (NCLC + Keating-Owen + FLSA); labor (Triangle Shirtwaist + ILGWU + Perkins); muckrakers (Tarbell + Riis + Steffens). Each column lists 4-5 named reformers + key dates + legacy. NACW prominently featured in suffrage column.

MG-8 Chart Physical / non-image

MG-8 PROGRESSIVE-ERA REFORMS poster — 18x24; 6 columns: women's suffrage (19th Amendment Aug 18 1920 + Black women's struggle), antitrust (Sherman 1890 + Clayton 1914 + Standard Oil 1911), food safety (Sinclair The Jungle 1906 + Pure Food and Drug Act + Meat Inspection Act 1906), child labor (NCLC 1904 + Keating-Owen 1916 + Fair Labor Standards Act 1938), labor (Triangle Shirtwaist March 25 1911 + ILGWU + Frances Perkins), muckrakers (Tarbell + Riis + Steffens); each column: 4-5 named reformers + key dates + legacy.

M-8-S-CIV-02-B Photograph

Photograph of contemporary Triangle Shirtwaist Memorial NYU Washington Place + Greene Street; with caption naming 146 women killed by name where available; refuses graphic imagery per MG-15; pairs with Frances Perkins eyewitness account excerpt.

MG-15 Diagram

MG-15 TRAUMA-INFORMED PROTOCOL card (8.5x11 laminated double-sided at every table + teacher desk) — caregiver letter in advance + Compassion Circle close + alternative-assignment options + sensory-quiet space + opt-out without penalty + n-word substituted + 'incarceration' not 'internment' + 'enslaved person' not 'slave' + 'cultural genocide' named + NO graphic imagery; explicit list of Lessons with MG-15 active: 4 (WWI), 9 (Japanese American incarceration), 10 (Holocaust), 11 (Hiroshima), 12 (Tulsa 1921 + Emmett Till + lynching), 13 (Vietnam War), 17 (decolonial violence + apartheid), 18 (9/11 + ongoing); USC Shoah Foundation + Yad Vashem + Hiroshima Peace Memorial + Densho + EJI + Truth & Reconciliation South Africa survivor-voice protocols cited.

M-8-S-CIV-02-C Photograph

Three-portrait composite of Wells (1862-1931) + Terrell (1863-1954) + Cooper (1858-1964) with founding-of-NACW 1896 + Alpha Suffrage Club 1913 captions; Wells holding Red Record.

M-8-S-CIV-02-D Chart

24x60 wall chart 1789-2026; emphasizes 1920 + 1965 gap for Black women; multiple disenfranchisement mechanisms named (poll tax + literacy + grandfather + white primary + violence).

MG-23 Chart

MG-23 VOTING RIGHTS EXPANSION TIMELINE wall chart (24x60) — 1789-2026; Constitution 1789 left voting to states (overwhelmingly white propertied men ~6% of population); 15th Amendment Feb 3 1870 (race) + immediate disenfranchisement via poll taxes + literacy tests + grandfather clauses + white primaries + violence; 17th Amendment April 8 1913 (direct Senate election); 19th Amendment Aug 18 1920 (sex — Black women effectively excluded in South until VRA 1965); Indian Citizenship Act June 2 1924 (still excluded by state law in AZ NM until 1948); 24th Amendment Jan 23 1964 (poll tax); Voting Rights Act Aug 6 1965 (federal enforcement + preclearance Section 5); 26th Amendment July 1 1971 (age 18); Section 5 preclearance gutted by Shelby County v. Holder June 25 2013; current struggles voter ID + voter-roll purges + polling-place closures + felony disenfranchisement + DC + Puerto Rico statehood + Electoral College debate + gerrymandering Rucho v. Common Cause 2019 + Citizens United v. FEC 2010 campaign finance + Trump v. Anderson 2024 Section 3 disqualification + 2020-2024 election integrity discourse. CENTERED: voting is a verb.

• Pairs: assigned to 1 of 6 MG-8 columns; produce 3-min present-out applying MG-7 Q1+Q3+Q11.

  scaffold Column-specific source packet + sentence frame 'This reform's perspective centers ___; it omits ___.'
• Pairs: build NACW 1896 versus NAWSA 1890 Venn diagram on VNPS comparing strategies + memberships + leaders.

  scaffold Pre-filled list of 10 named leaders for sorting

• Name 2 muckrakers + their target.
• Why was Black women's struggle for the vote not finished by 19th Amendment 1920?
• What is your Q12 PRESENT-CONNECTION about Progressive Era reforms?

• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview Lesson 3: US imperial reach 1898-1917

• Read Wells 1895 Red Record excerpt (1 page) + apply MG-7 Q1+Q11+Q12; bring annotated copy.