Indigenous Nations 1865-1900 — Lakota + Cheyenne + Nez Perce + Apache + Comanche + Pueblo — Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 + Little Bighorn June 1876 + Chief Joseph + Geronimo + Wounded Knee December 29 1890 [TRAUMA-INFORMED]

MG-15 PROTOCOL active. Bridge: today Indigenous nations 1865-1900 — sovereign nations not 'vanishing race.' We apply NMAI present-tense protocol + Treuer 2019.

• Activate MG-15 + NMAI present-tense
• Display MG-18 Indigenous Nations Atlas
• Display Chief Joseph + Sitting Bull + Black Elk + Geronimo portraits

Indigenous nations 1865-1900 faced US dispossession pressure UNPRECEDENTED in scale + violence — but Indigenous nations DID NOT VANISH. Per Treuer 2019 The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee (Carnegie Medal finalist; Ojibwe Leech Lake Band author): the conventional 'Wounded Knee 1890 = end of Native America' narrative is factually wrong and politically harmful; 574 federally-recognized tribes today + many state-recognized + unrecognized nations remain sovereign + vibrant + present-tense. Per Blackhawk 2023 The Rediscovery of America (National Book Award; Te-Moak Western Shoshone author): Native peoples are central, not peripheral, to US history. TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE April 29 1868 — between US + Sioux Nation (Lakota + Yankton Dakota + Santee Dakota + Arapaho) ended Red Cloud's War (1866-1868). Created Great Sioux Reservation covering western SD west of Missouri River + Powder River Country (NE WY + SE MT) as 'unceded Indian territory'; promised buffalo hunting rights + no white settlement. US violated treaty almost immediately after 1874 Black Hills gold discovery (Custer Expedition). Battle of Little Bighorn June 25-26 1876 — Lakota + Northern Cheyenne + Arapaho under Sitting Bull + Crazy Horse defeated US 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer in eastern MT; Custer + ~268 US soldiers killed; greatest Indigenous military victory over US in 19th century. US response: relentless military pursuit + forced reservation confinement + buffalo extermination as policy (15M buffalo 1865 -> ~325 by 1884). NEZ PERCE WAR 1877 — Nez Perce nimíipuu under Chief Joseph (Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt) refused to accept reservation in northeast OR after federal pressure; ~750 Nez Perce (incl. women + children + elderly) attempted 1,170-mile retreat toward Canada June-October 1877; US Army under Gen. Oliver O. Howard + Col. Nelson Miles pursued; surrendered at Bear Paw Mountain Montana 40 miles from Canada border Oct 5 1877. Chief Joseph surrender speech: 'I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed... It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are — perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.' Joseph published 'An Indian's Views of Indian Affairs' in North American Review April 1879 — one of first published Indigenous critiques of US Indian policy in mainstream US press. GERONIMO (Goyahkla, Chiricahua Apache) led last major Apache resistance 1881-1886; surrendered Sept 4 1886 to Gen. Nelson Miles in AZ; spent rest of life as POW in FL + AL + OK; published 1906 autobiography with S.M. Barrett. SITTING BULL (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake Hunkpapa Lakota holy man + chief c.1831-1890): fled to Canada with followers after Little Bighorn 1876; returned to US 1881 + surrendered; testimony before Senate Committee on Indian Affairs 1883; killed by Indian Police at Standing Rock Dec 15 1890 (immediately before Wounded Knee). GHOST DANCE movement 1889-1890 — Paiute prophet Wovoka (Jack Wilson) revealed vision of restoration: dancing the Ghost Dance would bring back the buffalo + ancestors + restore the land. Movement spread among Lakota + others; US authorities saw as threat. WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE Dec 29 1890 — US 7th Cavalry attempted to disarm Lakota Mnikowoju group under Spotted Elk (Big Foot) at Wounded Knee Creek SD; firing began (disputed who fired first); ~250-300 Lakota killed (including women + children + elderly) — many shot fleeing. 25 US soldiers killed (mostly by friendly fire). 20 US soldiers awarded Medals of Honor (controversially; Congress + tribes have campaigned for rescission since 2001). Per Treuer 2019 Wounded Knee was NOT 'end of Native America' but rather a singularly brutal massacre in continuing US-Indigenous war. Apply MG-15 + NMAI present-tense: Lakota + Nez Perce + Apache + Pueblo + all named nations are PRESENT-TENSE sovereign nations today.

• Apply MG-9 Living-Descendant + MG-13a Multi-Perspective-Encounter.

  model PRESENT-TENSE: the nimíipuu (Nez Perce) Nation today is federally recognized (~3,500 enrolled members; Nez Perce Reservation Idaho; Tribal Council headquartered Lapwai ID). The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe today (Lakota + Yankton Dakota) is federally recognized (~14,000 enrolled; Standing Rock Reservation ND/SD; Tribal Council headquartered Fort Yates ND); Standing Rock led #NoDAPL Dakota Access Pipeline resistance 2016-2017 in continuity with sovereignty struggle. Oglala Lakota Sioux Tribe today is federally recognized (~46,000 enrolled; Pine Ridge Reservation SD which includes Wounded Knee site). Per Treuer 2019 + NMAI protocol all these are PRESENT-TENSE living nations, not historical. We name them in present tense; we refuse 'vanishing race' framing absolutely.

  prompt Apply NMAI present-tense protocol to Chief Joseph + Sitting Bull + Black Elk.
• model Per Treuer 2019 Introduction: the title intentionally REFUSES the conventional 'Wounded Knee = end' narrative. The 'heartbeat' is the continuing life of Native America from 1890 to the present — exactly the period that conventional histories had ended. Treuer's book opens at Wounded Knee precisely to refuse the end-narrative + demonstrate continued Indigenous sovereignty + cultural vitality + political resistance through 20th + 21st centuries (Indian Reorganization Act 1934 + AIM 1968 + Wounded Knee occupation 1973 + Indian Self-Determination Act 1975 + Standing Rock #NoDAPL 2016 + Deb Haaland first Indigenous Cabinet Secretary 2021). Indigenous-author own-voice scholarship per NMAI protocol.

  prompt Why is Treuer 2019 The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee titled as it is?

• What did Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 promise + when was it violated?
• What did Chief Joseph mean by 'I will fight no more forever' Oct 5 1877?
• Apply NMAI present-tense: name 3 Indigenous nations from this period that exist today.

M-8-F-CUL-18-A Map

36x48 wall map showing Indigenous nations across present-day US 1865-1900: Lakota (Hunkpapa + Oglala + Sicangu + Mnikowoju + others) + Cheyenne (Northern + Southern) + Arapaho + Nez Perce nimíipuu + Apache (Chiricahua + Mescalero + Jicarilla + others) + Navajo Diné + Comanche + Kiowa + Pueblo (19 named) + Modoc + Ute + Crow + Lakota-controlled territory pre-1868 Fort Laramie + reservation contractions; major events: Sand Creek Nov 29 1864 + Fort Laramie 1868 + Red Cloud's War 1866-1868 + Little Bighorn June 25-26 1876 + Nez Perce War 1877 + Geronimo surrender 1886 + Wounded Knee Dec 29 1890. PRESENT-TENSE: same Indigenous nations today indicated with present-day tribal headquarters cities.

MG-18 Map

Indigenous Nations 1865-1900 Atlas — 36x48 inch wall map showing Indigenous nations across present-day US 1865-1900: Lakota (Hunkpapa + Oglala + Sicangu + Mnikowoju + others) + Cheyenne (Northern + Southern) + Arapaho + Nez Perce nimíipuu + Apache (Chiricahua + Mescalero + Jicarilla + others) + Navajo Diné + Comanche + Kiowa + Pueblo (19 named) + Modoc + Ute + Crow + Lakota-controlled territory pre-1868 Fort Laramie Treaty + reservation contractions; major events plotted: Sand Creek Massacre Nov 29 1864 + Fort Laramie 1868 + Red Cloud's War 1866-1868 + Little Bighorn June 25-26 1876 + Nez Perce War 1877 + Geronimo surrender 1886 + Wounded Knee Dec 29 1890. PRESENT-TENSE: same Indigenous nations today indicated with present-day tribal headquarters cities. Refuses 'vanishing race' framing per Treuer 2019 + NMAI present-tense protocol.

M-8-F-CUL-18-B Photograph

Triptych: Chief Joseph (Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt nimíipuu) c.1900 photograph + Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake Hunkpapa Lakota) c.1881 photograph + Black Elk (Heȟáka Sápa Oglala Lakota) c.1947 photograph; each with biographical caption + key own-voice publication; refuses 'noble vanishing' or 'savage warrior' framing by presenting as sovereign political-spiritual leaders.

• Pairs: read Chief Joseph 1877 + 1879 essay; identify rhetorical moves + apply MG-7.

  scaffold Annotated edition + sentence frames
• Pairs: map Indigenous nations 1865-1900 on MG-18 + label each with PRESENT-DAY tribal headquarters city.

  scaffold MG-18 Atlas + tribal HQ list

M-8-F-CUL-18-C Photograph

Site photograph of Wounded Knee Creek SD + Wounded Knee Memorial (mass grave + interpretive panels at Pine Ridge Reservation); TRAUMA-INFORMED FRAMING: no archival images of dead; only landscape + commemorative site; caption with date Dec 29 1890 + ~250-300 Lakota killed (women + children + elderly) + 20 US soldiers awarded Medal of Honor (controversially; rescission campaign since 2001); per Treuer 2019 'Wounded Knee was NOT the end of Native America.'

• What did Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 promise?
• When + where was Wounded Knee?
• Apply NMAI: name 1 Indigenous nation from period that is sovereign today.

• COMPASSION CIRCLE close (MG-15)
• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview L19: Carlisle 1879 + Pratt 'Kill the Indian save the man' + boarding schools

• Read 1-page Chief Joseph 1879 N.A. Review essay; write 1 paragraph applying MG-7 + NMAI present-tense protocol.