Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 + Harlan Dissent + Ida B. Wells Anti-Lynching Journalism + Booker T. Washington vs W.E.B. Du Bois 1895-1903 + HBCUs + NACW [TRAUMA-INFORMED]

MG-15 PROTOCOL active: caregiver letter sent in advance. Bridge: today the legal + cultural construction of Jim Crow segregation 1877-1900 — and Black resistance through journalism + scholarship + institution-building.

• Activate MG-15
• Display MG-22 chart
• Display Plessy + Wells + Washington + Du Bois portraits

PLESSY v. FERGUSON May 18 1896 (163 US 537) — Homer Plessy (NOLA mixed-race resident — 7/8 white + 1/8 Black) deliberately boarded white-only railroad car June 7 1892 to test Louisiana's 1890 Separate Car Act. Plessy convicted + appealed. Supreme Court 7-1 (Justice Brewer did not participate; Justice Brown majority) UPHELD law — established 'separate but equal' doctrine: separate facilities for races constitutional as long as 'equal' (in practice always unequal). Justice John Marshall Harlan KY (former slaveholder turned Reconstruction Republican) wrote lone dissent: 'Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens... In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.' Harlan's dissent is foundational for 20th-c civil-rights jurisprudence (cited by Brown v. Board 1954 + many others). JIM CROW SEGREGATION construction throughout 1870s-1890s — separate schools + railroad cars + waiting rooms + drinking fountains + restrooms + theaters + cemeteries + housing zones + ballot-access restrictions (poll taxes + literacy tests + grandfather clauses). RACIAL-TERROR LYNCHING — per Equal Justice Initiative 2017 Lynching in America 4,400+ documented racial-terror lynchings 1877-1950 across South + (some) Midwest; peak 1890s-1920s. EJI documents county-level data + names known victims + circumstances. EJI 2018 opened National Memorial for Peace and Justice Montgomery AL with 800+ steel monuments naming counties + victims. IDA B. WELLS (b.1862 Holly Springs MS enslaved at birth + freed by Emancipation; orphaned 1878 yellow fever; teacher + journalist; co-owned Memphis Free Speech newspaper 1889+): March 9 1892 three Black businessmen friends of Wells (Tom Moss + Calvin McDowell + Will Stewart, owners of People's Grocery competing with white-owned grocery) were lynched outside Memphis. Wells launched investigative-journalism crusade against lynching. May 1892 her Memphis Free Speech office destroyed by white mob; Wells exiled North. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases Oct 1892 (NY Age print) — first major anti-lynching pamphlet. A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings 1892-1893-1894 (1895) — statistical-investigative methodology preceded EJI 2017 by 120 years. Wells co-founded NAACP 1909 + alpha-female journalist + activist throughout her life. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON vs W.E.B. DU BOIS 1895-1903 — Washington (b.1856 VA enslaved + Hampton Institute + Tuskegee Institute 1881 founder): Atlanta Exposition Address Sept 18 1895 ('Atlanta Compromise') — argued Black communities should focus on industrial education + economic self-sufficiency + accept temporary social-political subordination. Du Bois (b.1868 Great Barrington MA free + Harvard PhD first Black + Atlanta U sociology): The Souls of Black Folk (1903 ch.3 'Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others') — rejected Washington's accommodationism + argued for full civil-political rights + 'Talented Tenth' liberal-arts education + introduced 'double-consciousness' concept. Per Kendi 2016 framework: Washington's position partly assimilationist; Du Bois's antiracist. Per Gates 2019 + Lewis 1993 W.E.B. Du Bois biographies: Washington-Du Bois debate is NOT 'feud' but rather distinct strategic responses to same Jim Crow violence; both founded enduring Black institutions (Tuskegee + Niagara Movement -> NAACP 1909). BLACK COLLEGES 1865-1900 — Howard 1867 + Fisk 1866 + Hampton 1868 + Tuskegee 1881 + Spelman 1881 + Atlanta U 1865 + Morehouse 1867 + Lincoln U PA 1854 + 35+ HBCUs by 1900. NACW — National Association of Colored Women founded July 21 1896 Washington DC by Mary Church Terrell + Anna Julia Cooper + Ida B. Wells + Frances E. W. Harper + Margaret Murray Washington + others. 'Lifting As We Climb' motto. Per Cooper 2017 Beyond Respectability NACW was 1890s Black women's intellectual + organizing collective. ANNA JULIA COOPER (b.1858 NC enslaved + Cooper PhD Sorbonne 1925 at age 67): A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South (1892) — foundational Black feminist text arguing Black women's emancipation is central to racial uplift.

• Apply MG-14b: Plessy 1896 was Supreme Court endorsement of segregation that organized white-supremacist political movements had constructed since 1877.

  model Q1 Justice Henry Billings Brown (MA, Supreme Court majority writer). Q2 May 18 1896. Q3 Supreme Court of US. Q4 broad audience (entire US public + lower courts). Q5 to constitutionalize 'separate but equal' doctrine. Q6 EXTREMELY high evidentiary value as Supreme Court precedent. Q7 leaves out: Plessy's own voice + Black community response + Harlan's powerful dissent + sociological reality of unequal facilities. Q8: Wells anti-lynching journalism contemporaneous; Washington-Du Bois 1895-1903 debate; Cooper 1892. Q9: NOT itself Lost Cause but PRODUCT of Lost Cause political-cultural climate + Reconstruction overthrow.

  prompt Apply MG-7 + Q9 to Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 majority opinion.
• model Per Bay 2009 To Tell the Truth Freely + Giddings 2008 Ida — Wells in Southern Horrors 1892 + A Red Record 1895 conducted SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM: collected lynching statistics from white-owned newspapers (which boasted of lynchings) + cross-referenced + investigated specific cases + interviewed surviving family + documented patterns. Her methodology preceded EJI 2017 Lynching in America by 120 years. Wells's specific finding: contrary to white claim that lynchings were 'punishment for rape of white women,' Wells documented that most lynching victims were lynched for: economic competition (Memphis Mar 9 1892 People's Grocery case Moss + McDowell + Stewart); political activity; or for consensual interracial relationships subsequently reframed as 'rape'. Per Feimster 2009 Southern Horrors + Cooper 2017 Wells's intersectional analysis (race + gender + class + sexuality) preceded Crenshaw 1989 by century.

  prompt Why is Wells's anti-lynching journalism methodologically foundational?

• What was 'separate but equal' doctrine? Who dissented?
• What did Wells investigate? When + where was her press destroyed?
• Apply Kendi 2016 to Washington vs Du Bois — segregationist/assimilationist/antiracist.

M-8-F-HIS-17-A Photograph

5-portrait composite: Homer Plessy NOLA c.1892 + Justice John Marshall Harlan KY c.1896 + Ida B. Wells c.1893 + Booker T. Washington c.1895 + W.E.B. Du Bois c.1907 (Harvard PhD); each with birthplace + dates + key publication/decision; refuses Lost Cause + Dunning erasure of Black + women's intellectual leadership.

M-8-F-HIS-17-B Chart

Student version of EJI 2017 Lynching in America aggregate state-level map showing 4,400+ documented racial-terror lynchings 1877-1950 (concentrated MS + GA + LA + TX + AR + FL); NO individual lynching photographs (per EJI practice); explicit reference to Wells Southern Horrors 1892 + A Red Record 1895 as 120-year precursor to EJI methodology; National Memorial for Peace and Justice Montgomery 2018 + Legacy Museum included as contemporary commemoration.

MG-17 Chart

EJI Lynching in America 2017 Data Visualization (teacher version only — student version is sanitized aggregate map per trauma-informed protocol) — county-level shaded US map showing 4,400+ documented racial-terror lynchings 1877-1950; concentrated MS + GA + LA + TX + AR + FL; National Memorial for Peace and Justice Montgomery 2018 photo; Legacy Museum photo; Ida B. Wells Southern Horrors 1892 + A Red Record 1895 historiographic continuity 120 years preceding EJI; NO individual lynching photographs (per EJI practice); explicit reference to Wells's investigative-journalism methodology. Student version is aggregate-state-level only.

• Pairs: close-read Plessy majority + Harlan dissent side-by-side; identify Harlan's 'color-blind' principle.

  scaffold Annotated edition + sentence frames
• Pairs: read Wells Southern Horrors 1892 introduction + apply MG-7 + Q9.

  scaffold Wells annotated

M-8-F-HIS-17-C Chart

18x24 wall chart documenting Black-owned newspapers (Christian Recorder AME 1852+ + Frederick Douglass The New Era 1870-1872 + Wells Memphis Free Speech 1889-1892 + T. Thomas Fortune New York Age + Boston Guardian Trotter); Black colleges: Howard 1867 + Fisk 1866 + Hampton 1868 + Tuskegee 1881 + Spelman 1881 + Atlanta U 1865 + Morehouse 1867 + 35+ HBCUs by 1900; mutual aid (Prince Hall Masons + Knights of Pythias); NACW 1896 'Lifting As We Climb.'

MG-22 Chart

Black Newspapers + Cultural Institutions 1865-1900 — 18x24 inch wall chart documenting Reconstruction-era + post-Reconstruction Black-owned newspapers + cultural institutions: The Christian Recorder (AME Church 1852+) + The New Era (Frederick Douglass 1870-1872) + The Loyal Georgian + The Colored Tennessean + Wells's Memphis Free Speech 1889-1892 + T. Thomas Fortune's New York Age + Boston Guardian (Trotter); Black colleges 1865-1900: Howard University 1867 + Fisk 1866 + Hampton 1868 + Tuskegee 1881 + Spelman 1881 + Atlanta University 1865 + Morehouse 1867 + Lincoln U PA 1854 + 35+ HBCUs total founded by 1900; mutual aid societies (Prince Hall Masons + Knights of Pythias + United Order of True Reformers); NACW founding 1896 motto 'Lifting As We Climb.'

M-8-F-HIS-17-D Photograph

Photograph of Wells's destroyed Memphis Free Speech press 1892 + Wells's exile to NY + Wells's subsequent Southern Horrors Oct 1892 publication; captions with date May 1892 + lynching of Moss + McDowell + Stewart Mar 9 1892 as catalyst + Wells's intersectional methodological foundation per Feimster 2009 + Cooper 2017.

• What did Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 establish?
• What did Harlan write in dissent?
• When did Wells's Memphis Free Speech press get destroyed + why?

• COMPASSION CIRCLE close (MG-15)
• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview L18: Indigenous nations + Indian Wars + Wounded Knee

• Read 1-page Wells Southern Horrors 1892 OR Cooper 1892 A Voice from the South; write 1 paragraph applying MG-7 + intersectionality.