Grade 7 Spring — The Early-Modern World c. 1450-1750 CE in Six Simultaneous Formations: Italian + Northern Renaissance, the Reformation and Wars of Religion, the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Exploration with Zheng He Precedence and Multi-Perspective Encounter, the Conquest of Mexica and Inca from Indigenous Perspectives, Ongoing Indigenous Resistance through Pueblo Revolt 1680 and Itzá Maya 1697, the Atlantic Slave Trade Origins with African Voices Centered, the Mughal Empire (KS3 Non-European Society Study), Ming/Qing China with Zheng He 1405-1433, Tokugawa Japan, and the Ottoman Empire — Whose Renaissance? Whose Discovery? Whose Conquest?

Analyze the WARS OF RELIGION 1559-1648 — French Wars of Religion (St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 + Edict of Nantes 1598), Dutch Revolt 1568-1648, and the THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 ending with the Peace of Westphalia

Examine French Wars of Religion 1562-1598 + Catherine de' Medici regency + Huguenots + St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 24 August 1572 (~3,000-10,000 killed Paris + 70,000 nationally) + Henri IV 1589-1610 + Edict of Nantes 1598; Dutch Revolt against Habsburg Spain 1568-1648 + William of Orange + Spanish Fury Antwerp 1576; THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 — Defenestration of Prague 1618 + Gustavus Adolphus + Wallenstein + Peace of Westphalia 1648 establishing state sovereignty principle; demographic impact ~20% population loss across German lands.