Grade 7 Spring — The Early-Modern World c. 1450-1750 CE in Six Simultaneous Formations: Italian + Northern Renaissance, the Reformation and Wars of Religion, the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Exploration with Zheng He Precedence and Multi-Perspective Encounter, the Conquest of Mexica and Inca from Indigenous Perspectives, Ongoing Indigenous Resistance through Pueblo Revolt 1680 and Itzá Maya 1697, the Atlantic Slave Trade Origins with African Voices Centered, the Mughal Empire (KS3 Non-European Society Study), Ming/Qing China with Zheng He 1405-1433, Tokugawa Japan, and the Ottoman Empire — Whose Renaissance? Whose Discovery? Whose Conquest?
History · GEO
G7
hist.g7.s.geo.portuguese_spanish_atlantic_exploration
Analyze the EARLY ATLANTIC EXPLORATION 1415-1522 — Portuguese (Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama, Cabral) and Spanish (Columbus, Magellan) — within global maritime context including ZHENG HE 1405-1433 PRECEDENT
Examine Portuguese Atlantic + African + Indian Ocean voyages — Henry the Navigator 1394-1460 + Sagres + Ceuta 1415 + Cape Bojador 1434 + Madeira/Azores/Cape Verde colonization with sugar plantations 1450s + Diogo Cão Kongo 1482 + Bartolomeu Dias 1488 Cape of Good Hope + Vasco da Gama 1497-1499 Calicut + Pedro Álvares Cabral 1500 Brazil; Spanish — Columbus 1492-1504 four voyages + Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 + Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation 1519-1522; CRITICALLY PAIRED with ZHENG HE 1405-1433 seven voyages (G7-Fall carryover) preceding Columbus by 87 years; Indian Ocean was ALREADY a multi-civilizational network when Portuguese arrived.
Mastery threshold
90%
Min instances
12
Typical minutes
50
Spaced intervals (days)
1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60
Prereqs
- Construct a SIX-FORMATION SIMULTANEOUS chronology of the Early-Modern World 1450-1750 CE placing Italian Renaissance, Mughal India, Ming/Qing China, Songhai West Africa, Ottoman Empire, Tokugawa Japan on one timeline — refusing the Eurocentric 'Renaissance/Age of Discovery' single-narrative framing
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hist.g7.f.cul.indian_ocean_networks_swahili
(not yet loaded)
Successors
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hist.g7.s.his.encounter_columbian_exchange
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Common misconceptions
- Believing Europeans 'discovered' lands that were inhabited — every land 'discovered' was already home to people; the word DISCOVERY is Eurocentric
- Believing Columbus proved the Earth was round — educated Europeans knew the Earth was round since Eratosthenes 240 BCE; Columbus's contested point was the SIZE of the Earth
- Believing Portuguese 'opened' Indian Ocean trade — Indian Ocean was the world's busiest network for 1000+ years before Portuguese arrival via Swahili + Gujarati + Tamil + Arab + Persian merchants