Civil Rights Movement Phase 1 — Brown 1954 → Montgomery 1955-56 → Little Rock 1957 → Sit-ins 1960 → Freedom Rides 1961 → Birmingham 1963 + MLK Letter from Birmingham Jail

Read aloud opening of MLK Letter from Birmingham Jail April 16 1963: 'I am in Birmingham because injustice is here.' Display MG-18 Track 1 timeline 1954-68.

• Read MLK April 16 1963 opening
• Display MG-18 Track 1
• Recite TWELVE PROMISES including MG-14f

Today + Lesson 15 cover Civil Rights Movement 1954-68 Phase 1 + Phase 2. PER HALL 2005 LONG CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT framing AND MG-14f: NOT 'MLK-only' single-leader hagiography. Multi-leader naming throughout: Ella Baker + Bayard Rustin + Fannie Lou Hamer + Bob Moses + Diane Nash + Septima Clark + Daisy Bates + Pauli Murray + Robert F. Williams + Medgar Evers + Stokely Carmichael/Kwame Ture + Malcolm X + James Baldwin alongside MLK. CONTEXT: G8-Fall MG-14b RECONSTRUCTION-AS-BETRAYED extends here — Plessy 1896 + Jim Crow + lynching + Tulsa 1921 + Emmett Till 1955 (Lesson 12). BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA KANSAS 347 U.S. 483 May 17 1954 — Warren Court unanimous (Earl Warren CJ); legal architect Thurgood Marshall NAACP Legal Defense Fund + Constance Baker Motley + Robert Carter + Spottswood Robinson III + Charles Hamilton Houston (LDF founder); KENNETH + MAMIE CLARK 1939-40 doll studies cited (psychological harm of segregation); BROWN II May 31 1955 'all deliberate speed' enforcement directive; MASSIVE RESISTANCE Southern Manifesto March 12 1956 (101 Senators + Representatives) + Citizens Councils + private 'segregation academies'. EMMETT TILL Aug 28 1955 (Lesson 12). MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT Dec 1 1955 – Dec 20 1956 — ROSA PARKS arrested Dec 1 1955 (Parks was 12-YEAR NAACP activist not 'tired seamstress' per Theoharis 2013 + Highlander Folk School training; her refusal was strategic); E.D. NIXON Montgomery NAACP president decided to use Parks's case (vs. Claudette Colvin 15 years old March 2 1955 arrest); JO ANN ROBINSON Women's Political Council overnight mimeographed 50,000 boycott flyers; MIA Montgomery Improvement Association formed Dec 5 1955 + new 26-year-old MLK selected as president (his first major civil-rights leadership role); 381-day boycott; BROWDER v. GAYLE 352 U.S. 903 (1956) SCOTUS affirmed Montgomery bus segregation unconstitutional Nov 13 1956. LITTLE ROCK NINE Sept 4-25 1957 — Central High School Little Rock AR; ARKANSAS National Guard called by Gov. Orval Faubus to BLOCK 9 Black students; DAISY BATES Arkansas State NAACP president advised + protected students; ERNEST GREEN + ELIZABETH ECKFORD + MELBA PATTILLO BEALS + JEFFERSON THOMAS + GLORIA RAY + THELMA MOTHERSHED + TERRENCE ROBERTS + MINNIJEAN BROWN + CARLOTTA WALLS; Eckford photograph Sept 4 1957 Will Counts (alone facing mob); EISENHOWER federalized AR National Guard + sent 101st Airborne Sept 24 1957 to escort students; Ernest Green graduated May 27 1958; CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 (first since Reconstruction; weak voting-rights enforcement); GREENSBORO SIT-INS Feb 1 1960 — 4 NC A&T students (EZELL BLAIR JR. now JIBREEL KHAZAN + JOSEPH MCNEIL + DAVID RICHMOND + FRANKLIN MCCAIN) sat at Woolworth lunch counter Greensboro NC; movement spread to 55 cities + 13 states + ~70,000 students by April 1960; SHAW UNIVERSITY RALEIGH April 15-17 1960 ELLA BAKER 'MORE THAN A HAMBURGER' speech + founding of SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (Baker insisted on student leadership independent of SCLC); FREEDOM RIDES May 4 1961 – Sept 1961 — CORE Congress of Racial Equality JAMES FARMER 1942 + restart 1961; tested Boynton v. Virginia 1960 desegregation of interstate transportation; Greyhound bus attacked + firebombed Anniston AL May 14 1961; Trailways bus attacked Birmingham; KKK + Bull Connor 15-minute Mother's Day attack; DIANE NASH + JOHN LEWIS + JIM ZWERG continued rides; ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT KENNEDY federalized federal marshals + ICC desegregation rule Nov 1 1961. JAMES MEREDITH integrated Ole Miss Sept 30 1962 (riots killed 2). BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN April-May 1963 — SCLC + Fred Shuttlesworth Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights; PROJECT C 'CONFRONTATION' campaign of marches + sit-ins + filling jails; MLK arrested April 12 1963 + LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL April 16 1963 (written in margins of newspaper + smuggled out — response to 8 white Birmingham clergy 'A Call for Unity' April 12 calling MLK an outside agitator); 'I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states' + 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere' + 'There comes a time when the cup of endurance runs over' + categorizes 'white moderate' as bigger obstacle than overt racist; CHILDREN'S CRUSADE May 2-10 1963 — Birmingham children (ages 7-18) marched + arrested in hundreds; Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner BULL CONNOR ordered firehoses + police dogs against children; international + national TV news outrage; KENNEDY Civil Rights Address June 11 1963 (after George Wallace University of Alabama 'standoff' + Medgar Evers assassinated June 12 1963 NAACP MS Field Secretary by Byron De La Beckwith). MARCH ON WASHINGTON FOR JOBS AND FREEDOM Aug 28 1963 ~250,000 attendance (largest protest in US history at the time); ORGANIZED BY BAYARD RUSTIN + A. PHILIP RANDOLPH (refuses MLK-as-organizer hagiography); MLK 'I Have a Dream' + MAHALIA JACKSON 'Tell them about the dream, Martin' off-script prompt; JOHN LEWIS SNCC chair speech (edited at request of Catholic Archbishop O'Boyle); 16TH STREET BAPTIST CHURCH BOMBING Sept 15 1963 Birmingham AL — Klan bomb killed ADDIE MAE COLLINS + CYNTHIA WESLEY + CAROLE ROBERTSON + CAROL DENISE McNAIR (all ages 11-14). KENNEDY ASSASSINATED Nov 22 1963 Dallas. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 July 2 1964 (PL 88-352 traced through Lesson 19 mock-Congress simulation).

• Strategic refusal.

  model Parks was 12-year NAACP activist + Highlander Folk School training (Sept 1955) + decades of activism before Dec 1 1955. The 'tired seamstress' framing depoliticizes her into a passive accident. Per Theoharis 2013 Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks + Q10 SURVIVOR-OWN-VOICE-CENTERED + MG-14f multi-leader.

  prompt Why Theoharis 2013 refuses 'tired seamstress' framing of Rosa Parks?
• Names obstacles precisely.

  model MLK April 16 1963 — 'the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Council-er or the Ku Klux Klan-er, but the white moderate.' Naming complicity of those who prefer 'order' over 'justice.' Q11 MULTI-PERSPECTIVE expansion.

  prompt Why Letter from Birmingham Jail centers white moderate as obstacle?

• Date Brown + Montgomery + Little Rock + Greensboro + Freedom Rides + Birmingham.
• Why Theoharis 2013 refuses tired-seamstress framing?
• Identify 1 rhetorical move in MLK Letter from Birmingham Jail.

M-8-S-CIV-14-A Chart Physical / non-image

36x60 5-track poster; ZOOM Track 1 Black Freedom Movement 1954-68 column with named events + leaders (NAACP 1909 + UNIA Garvey 1914 + Brown 1954 + Till 1955 + Montgomery 1955-56 + Little Rock 1957 + Greensboro Feb 1 1960 + SNCC April 1960 Baker + Freedom Rides May 1961 + March on Washington Aug 28 1963 Rustin/Randolph + Birmingham 1963 + Selma 1965 + VRA Aug 6 1965 + MLK assassinated April 4 1968 + Black Power); REFUSES MLK-only framing.

MG-18 Chart

MG-18 LONG CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT poster — 36x60; HORIZONTAL TIMELINE 1909-present; FIVE PARALLEL TRACKS color-coded: (1) BLACK FREEDOM (NAACP 1909 + UNIA Garvey 1914 + Brown v. Board May 17 1954 + Emmett Till Aug 1955 + Montgomery Bus Boycott Dec 1 1955 – Dec 20 1956 + Little Rock Sept 1957 + Greensboro Sit-ins Feb 1 1960 + Freedom Rides May 4 1961 + March on Washington Aug 28 1963 + Birmingham Children's Crusade May 1963 + Civil Rights Act July 2 1964 + Freedom Summer 1964 + Selma March 7-25 1965 + Voting Rights Act Aug 6 1965 + MLK assassinated April 4 1968 + Black Power SNCC 1966 + Black Panthers 1966 + Combahee 1977 + Crenshaw 1989 + BLM 2013); (2) CHICANO (UFW 1962 Chavez/Huerta + Delano Strike 1965 + Plan of Delano 1966 + East LA Walkouts 1968 + Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 1969 + Chicano Moratorium Aug 29 1970 + Anzaldua 1987); (3) AIM (NCAI 1944 + Termination/Relocation 1953-69 + AIM 1968 + Alcatraz Nov 20 1969 – June 11 1971 + Trail of Broken Treaties Nov 1972 + Wounded Knee II Feb-May 1973 + Indian Self-Determination Act Jan 4 1975 + AIRFA 1978 + NAGPRA 1990 + UNDRIP 2007 + Standing Rock 2016-17 + LandBack); (4) ASIAN AMERICAN + LGBTQ+ + WOMEN + DISABILITY (TWLF SF State 1968-69 + Yuri Kochiyama + Grace Lee Boggs + Stonewall June 28 1969 + STAR Johnson/Rivera 1970 + Lavender Menace 1970 + Title IX June 23 1972 + Roe v. Wade Jan 22 1973 + Section 504 sit-ins April 1977 26-day occupation + Combahee River Collective 1977 + bell hooks 1981 + ACT UP 1987 + ADA July 26 1990 + Obergefell June 26 2015); (5) ANCHORS show MLK is ONE of MANY — Ella Baker + Bayard Rustin + Fannie Lou Hamer + Septima Clark + Bob Moses + Diane Nash + James Baldwin + Audre Lorde + Pauli Murray + Marsha P. Johnson + Sylvia Rivera + Cesar Chavez + Dolores Huerta + Russell Means + Judith Heumann + Yuri Kochiyama; refuses 'MLK-only' framing per Hall 2005 + Theoharis 2018 + Ransby 2003.

M-8-S-CIV-14-B Photograph

Composite 4-portrait: Rosa Parks 1956 fingerprint photo + E.D. Nixon Montgomery NAACP + Jo Ann Robinson Women's Political Council + Claudette Colvin (15 years old March 2 1955 arrest); caption naming each + Theoharis 2013 refutation of tired-seamstress framing + Parks's Highlander Folk School Sept 1955 training.

M-8-S-CIV-14-C Photograph

Composite: Little Rock Nine school portraits + Daisy Bates 1957 + 101st Airborne escort photograph Sept 24 1957 + Will Counts Sept 4 1957 photograph of Elizabeth Eckford alone + Hazel Bryan + their 1997 reconciliation photo.

M-8-S-CIV-14-D Photograph

Composite: Birmingham city jail cell with reproduction of margins of newspaper showing MLK's handwritten Letter + Birmingham Children's Crusade May 2-10 1963 photograph (refuses Bull Connor firehose graphic per MG-15 — selects child marchers' faces of resolve); caption naming 8 Birmingham clergy 'Call for Unity' April 12 + MLK April 16 reply.

MG-15 Diagram

MG-15 TRAUMA-INFORMED PROTOCOL card (8.5x11 laminated double-sided at every table + teacher desk) — caregiver letter in advance + Compassion Circle close + alternative-assignment options + sensory-quiet space + opt-out without penalty + n-word substituted + 'incarceration' not 'internment' + 'enslaved person' not 'slave' + 'cultural genocide' named + NO graphic imagery; explicit list of Lessons with MG-15 active: 4 (WWI), 9 (Japanese American incarceration), 10 (Holocaust), 11 (Hiroshima), 12 (Tulsa 1921 + Emmett Till + lynching), 13 (Vietnam War), 17 (decolonial violence + apartheid), 18 (9/11 + ongoing); USC Shoah Foundation + Yad Vashem + Hiroshima Peace Memorial + Densho + EJI + Truth & Reconciliation South Africa survivor-voice protocols cited.

• Pairs: assigned 1 of (Brown / Montgomery / Little Rock / Greensboro / Freedom Rides / Birmingham); produce 3-min present-out naming >=3 leaders + applying MG-7 Q10.

  scaffold Event-specific source packet
• VNPS: close-read 1 MLK Letter paragraph identifying claim + evidence + warrant + rhetorical strategy.

  scaffold Paragraph-numbered Letter + claim-evidence-warrant template

• Date Brown + Birmingham Letter.
• Name 3 Movement leaders beyond MLK.
• Identify 1 rhetorical strategy in MLK Letter.

• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview Lesson 15: Civil Rights Phase 2 Selma to Black Power

• Read selected paragraph from MLK Letter + apply MG-7 Q1 + Q3 + Q11; OR alternative-assignment with Eyes on the Prize episode.