Vietnam War 1955-1975 — TRAUMA-INFORMED — Vietnamese + Vietnamese-American Own-Voice — Bao Ninh, Viet Thanh Nguyen, Thi Bui, Phan Thi Kim Phuc

MG-15 ACTIVE. Caregiver letter sent Week 13. Read aloud Viet Thanh Nguyen Nothing Ever Dies 2016 opening: 'All wars are fought twice, the first time on the battlefield, the second time in memory.'

• Activate MG-15 PROTOCOL
• Read Nguyen 2016 opening
• Recite TWELVE PROMISES including MG-14e

M-8-S-HIS-13-A Diagram

8.5x11 laminated card; caregiver letter week 13 + Compassion Circle close + alternative-assignment + opt-out + sensory-quiet space.

MG-15 Diagram

MG-15 TRAUMA-INFORMED PROTOCOL card (8.5x11 laminated double-sided at every table + teacher desk) — caregiver letter in advance + Compassion Circle close + alternative-assignment options + sensory-quiet space + opt-out without penalty + n-word substituted + 'incarceration' not 'internment' + 'enslaved person' not 'slave' + 'cultural genocide' named + NO graphic imagery; explicit list of Lessons with MG-15 active: 4 (WWI), 9 (Japanese American incarceration), 10 (Holocaust), 11 (Hiroshima), 12 (Tulsa 1921 + Emmett Till + lynching), 13 (Vietnam War), 17 (decolonial violence + apartheid), 18 (9/11 + ongoing); USC Shoah Foundation + Yad Vashem + Hiroshima Peace Memorial + Densho + EJI + Truth & Reconciliation South Africa survivor-voice protocols cited.

Today is TRAUMA-INFORMED (MG-15 ACTIVE). VIETNAMESE OWN-VOICE pedagogy (MG-14e) — refusing US-only single-perspective framing. CONTEXT: French Indochina 1858-1954 colonial occupation Vietnam + Cambodia + Laos. WWII Japanese occupation 1940-45. HO CHI MINH (1890-1969) Vietminh founded 1941 + Sept 2 1945 Declaration of Independence Hanoi (quoted US Declaration of Independence 1776 + French Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789). FIRST INDOCHINA WAR Dec 1946 – May 7 1954 Dien Bien Phu French defeat; GENEVA ACCORDS July 21 1954 temporarily divided Vietnam at 17th parallel pending 1956 reunification elections (US + South Vietnam refused). NGO DINH DIEM South Vietnam 1955-Nov 2 1963 (assassinated in US-backed coup) + Catholic minority repression of Buddhist majority Thich Quang Duc self-immolation June 11 1963. NORTH VIETNAM Ho Chi Minh + Le Duan + Vo Nguyen Giap. NLF National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) South Vietnam 1960. US ESCALATION — Kennedy 1961-63 ~16,000 US advisers; LBJ Tonkin Gulf Aug 2-4 1964 + Tonkin Gulf Resolution Aug 7 1964 (later contested — second incident may not have occurred per McNamara 1995 + Moïse 1996); OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER March 2 1965 – Nov 1 1968 (~864,000 tons bombs ~3x WWII Pacific theater total); US ground troops March 8 1965 Da Nang ~3,500 Marines; peak ~543,000 US troops 1969; conscription/draft + draft-card burning + draft-resistance + Muhammad Ali April 28 1967 'I ain't got no quarrel with them Vietcong' + Cassius Clay refused induction. TET OFFENSIVE Jan 30 1968 (Lunar New Year — 80,000+ NLF + NVA attacks on 100+ cities + Saigon US Embassy compound + 26-day Battle of Hue + Khe Sanh 77-day siege); Walter Cronkite CBS Evening News Feb 27 1968 'We are mired in stalemate' shifted US public opinion + LBJ March 31 1968 announced he would not seek re-election. MY LAI MASSACRE March 16 1968 (Charlie Company 23rd Infantry Division killed 504 unarmed Vietnamese villagers My Lai 4 + My Khe 4 Quang Ngai Province; HUGH THOMPSON JR. + LAWRENCE COLBURN + GLENN ANDREOTTA helicopter crew intervened to stop massacre + rescued ~16 villagers; only Lt. William Calley convicted 1971 + paroled 1974 after Nixon intervention; uncovered by Seymour Hersh Nov 13 1969 St. Louis Post-Dispatch). NIXON took office Jan 20 1969 + VIETNAMIZATION; secret Cambodia bombing 1969-73 + Cambodia invasion April 30 1970 + Kent State May 4 1970 4 students killed by Ohio National Guard + Jackson State May 14-15 1970 2 students killed (less national attention because Black college); PENTAGON PAPERS June 13 1971 NYT Daniel Ellsberg classified 1968 study revealed systematic government deception about war; PHAN THI KIM PHUC 'Napalm Girl' photo June 8 1972 Trang Bang South Vietnam (Nick Ut Pulitzer Prize 1973; 9-year-old fleeing South Vietnamese napalm attack on her village); Christmas Bombings (Operation Linebacker II) Dec 18-29 1972 ~20,000 tons bombs on Hanoi + Haiphong; PARIS PEACE ACCORDS Jan 27 1973 (Kissinger + Le Duc Tho Nobel Peace Prize 1973 — Tho refused); US withdrawal March 29 1973; CONGRESS cut off South Vietnam funding 1974; FALL OF SAIGON April 30 1975 — North Vietnamese tank crashed gates of Presidential Palace; ~7,000 helicopter evacuations + ~135,000 South Vietnamese refugees + 'boat people' diaspora 1975-95 ~2M Vietnamese refugees + Operation New Life. CASUALTIES per Vietnamese government 1995 estimate: ~3M Vietnamese dead (~2M civilian + ~1.1M NVA/NLF + ~250,000 ARVN); ~58,220 US dead (Vietnam Veterans Memorial Maya Lin Nov 13 1982); ~1.3M wounded ARVN; ~300,000 Laotian + Cambodian dead; AGENT ORANGE 19M+ gallons herbicide sprayed by US 1961-71 + ~3M Vietnamese exposed + ongoing intergenerational birth defects (estimated ~400,000 deaths/illness Vietnamese + ~390,000 US veterans claims processed by VA); unexploded ordnance ongoing in Vietnam + Laos (Laos = most-bombed country per capita in history per Mines Advisory Group). VIETNAMESE OWN-VOICE centered per MG-14e: BAO NINH The Sorrow of War (Nỗi buồn chiến tranh) 1990 (NVA soldier perspective via Kien); LE LY HAYSLIG When Heaven and Earth Changed Places 1989 (Vietnamese village child to refugee); DUONG THU HUONG Paradise of the Blind 1988 (post-war Vietnamese disillusionment); VIET THANH NGUYEN The Sympathizer 2015 (Pulitzer Prize 2016 — Vietnamese-American intelligence operative narrator) + Nothing Ever Dies 2016 + The Refugees 2017; THI BUI The Best We Could Do 2017 graphic memoir refugee family; OCEAN VUONG On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous 2019; PHAN THI KIM PHUC Fire Road 2017 + global anti-war advocacy (Vietnamese-Canadian; her September 8 1996 Vietnam Veterans Memorial Washington DC speech 'forgiveness is freeing'); MONIQUE TRUONG The Book of Salt 2003; ANDREW PHAM Catfish and Mandala 1999. PAIRED US-soldier voices Tim O'Brien The Things They Carried 1990 + Wallace Terry Bloods 1984 (Black US soldiers); ANTI-WAR Vietnam Veterans Against the War 1967 (John Kerry 1971 Senate testimony 'How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?').

• Whose voice first?

  model MG-14e PROMISE. Refuses US-only single-perspective framing. Vietnamese voices (Bao Ninh + Thi Bui + Viet Thanh Nguyen + Le Ly Hayslip + Phan Thi Kim Phuc) are the curriculum. US-soldier voices (Tim O'Brien + Wallace Terry) are paired contextualization, not equivalent framing.

  prompt Why Vietnamese own-voice FIRST?
• Memory is a battlefield.

  model Nguyen: wars are fought first on the battlefield, second in memory. American memory of Vietnam War for decades centered US-soldier trauma without centering Vietnamese deaths (3M+) or refugee experience or Agent Orange ongoing harms. Nothing Ever Dies 2016 explicitly intervenes. Per Q12 PRESENT-CONNECTION.

  prompt Why does Viet Thanh Nguyen 2016 'All wars are fought twice' matter?

• Date Geneva 1954 + Tonkin 1964 + Tet 1968 + Paris 1973 + Fall of Saigon April 30 1975.
• Name 3 Vietnamese own-voice authors.
• Name Vietnamese vs US death tolls + Agent Orange ongoing effects.

M-8-S-HIS-13-B Map

24x36 map; 17th parallel division 1954 + Ho Chi Minh Trail + Tet Offensive 1968 attacks on 100+ cities + Khe Sanh + Hue + My Lai March 16 1968 + Saigon Fall April 30 1975 + boat people diaspora routes; Laos + Cambodia secret bombing 1969-73 + unexploded-ordnance ongoing.

M-8-S-HIS-13-C Photograph

Composite portrait Bao Ninh + Viet Thanh Nguyen + Thi Bui + Le Ly Hayslip + Phan Thi Kim Phuc + Duong Thu Huong + Ocean Vuong; caption naming each + key works + connection to G8 curriculum; refuses US-only single-perspective.

M-8-S-HIS-13-D Photograph

Photograph Vietnam Veterans Memorial Maya Lin Nov 13 1982 (V-shaped black granite wall + 58,318 names chronologically); caption naming Lin Yale undergraduate winning 1981 design competition + 58,220+ US dead + 3M+ Vietnamese dead + Agent Orange ongoing; Maya Lin as Chinese-American artist anchor.

• Pairs: assigned 1 Vietnamese own-voice author; produce 3-min present-out applying MG-7 Q1+Q3+Q10+Q12.

  scaffold Author-specific source packet
• VNPS: 3-voice essay outline (Bao Ninh NVA-perspective + Thi Bui refugee-perspective + O'Brien US-soldier-perspective) for Lesson 13 essay ex_28.

  scaffold 3-perspective rubric

• Date Fall of Saigon.
• Name 2 Vietnamese own-voice authors.
• Apply Q12 to a contemporary refugee context.

• COMPASSION CIRCLE close (MG-15)
• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview Lesson 14: Civil Rights Movement Brown to Birmingham

• Read selected pages of Thi Bui The Best We Could Do 2017 + apply MG-7 Q1 + Q10 + Q11 + Q12.