Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1 1863 + USCT Formation — Enslaved People as Agents of Their Own Emancipation [TRAUMA-INFORMED]

Review L8: Antietam + preliminary EP. Bridge: today final Proclamation Jan 1 1863 + birth of USCT — moment war became explicitly anti-slavery + Black men in uniform became transformative actors.

• Display EP facsimile
• Display MG-12 USCT chart
• Activate MG-15

Lincoln issued preliminary EP Sept 22 1862 (after Antietam). Final Proclamation Jan 1 1863 — wartime executive order based on Commander-in-Chief power; freed enslaved people in Confederate-held territory only (NOT border states KY+MO+MD+DE; NOT Union-occupied Confederate TN+LA parishes+VA counties). Per Foner 2010 The Fiery Trial Lincoln chose wartime-power basis believing Congress lacked constitutional power to abolish slavery in peacetime. 5 provisions: (1) declared enslaved people in Confederate territory 'thenceforward, and forever free'; (2) authorized Black men into Union army+navy; (3) called freed people to 'abstain from all violence' except self-defense; (4) called for 'reasonable wages'; (5) ended invoking 'considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.' Du Bois 1935 Black Reconstruction ch.4 'The General Strike': ~500,000 enslaved people walked off plantations 1861-1865 — largest labor strike in US history before or since — making slavery economically untenable in South AND providing Union with labor + intelligence + soldiers. USCT — United States Colored Troops — formed May 1863 by Bureau of Colored Troops. ~180,000 Black soldiers (~10% Union army by 1865) + ~25,000 Black sailors. 175+ USCT regiments. Massachusetts 54th formed March 1863 — first Northern Black regiment — recruited by Frederick Douglass (sons Lewis + Charles enlisted) via 'Men of Color, To Arms!' broadside March 21 1863: '...he who would be free, themselves must strike the blow.' 54th attacked Confederate Fort Wagner SC July 18 1863 — 272 of 600 attacking soldiers killed/wounded/captured (45%); Sgt William H. Carney earned Medal of Honor (first Black soldier so recognized); Col. Robert Gould Shaw killed leading attack + buried with Black soldiers per CSA contempt. USCT faced UNEQUAL PAY ($10/month vs. $13 for white — protested by 54th MA refusing all pay 18 months; restored July 1864) + worse equipment + Confederate refusal to take USCT prisoners (Fort Pillow Massacre April 12 1864 — 300+ surrendering USCT killed by Confederate forces under Nathan Bedford Forrest who later founded KKK 1865+).

• Apply Q9 to 'Emancipation freed all the slaves' — refute with Proclamation text + 13th Amendment timing.

  model Does NOT free enslaved people in Union border states (KY+MO+MD+DE) — Lincoln based on wartime Commander-in-Chief power applying only to areas in rebellion. Does NOT free enslaved in Union-occupied Confederate areas (TN+LA parishes+Norfolk VA+Hampton Roads VA). Does NOT abolish slavery legally — that required 13th Amendment ratified Dec 6 1865. Per Foner 2010 Lincoln calibrated deliberately: wanted constitutional grounding for order so it would survive judicial review.

  prompt What does EP Jan 1 1863 NOT do?
• model Per Du Bois 1935 Black Reconstruction ch.4: ~500,000 enslaved people walked off plantations 1861-1865 — refusing to work for enslavers and crossing to Union lines as 'contrabands' (term coined by Gen. Benjamin Butler at Fort Monroe May 1861). Largest labor strike in US history; made slavery economically untenable in Confederacy AND provided Union with labor + intelligence + military recruits. Per Berlin 1992 + Glymph 2008 + 1619 Project 2019 enslaved people were primary agents of their own emancipation — NOT passive beneficiaries of Lincoln's Proclamation.

  prompt What does Du Bois 1935 mean by 'general strike of the enslaved'?

• What did EP NOT do?
• How many enslaved people walked off plantations 1861-1865 (Du Bois 'general strike')?
• Apply Q9 to 'Lincoln freed the slaves' — name Black agents.

M-8-F-HIS-09-A Photograph

High-resolution facsimile of final EP Jan 1 1863 (National Archives signed by Lincoln + Seward) + Lincoln photo 1863 (Mathew Brady studio); captions with preliminary Sept 22 1862 + final Jan 1 1863 + 13th Amendment Dec 6 1865; explicit caption that Proclamation freed enslaved in Confederate territory only, not border states.

M-8-F-HIS-09-B Photograph

Massachusetts 54th recruitment photograph 1863 (Black soldiers in Union uniform) + Frederick Douglass 'Men of Color, To Arms!' broadside facsimile March 21 1863 (Rochester NY printing); caption with Sgt William H. Carney Medal of Honor citation + Fort Wagner July 18 1863 attack details; refuses 'docile freedman' framing by centering Black men in uniform as transformative actors per Berlin 1992 + Glymph 2008.

• Pairs: read EP Jan 1 1863 (4 paragraphs); identify 5 provisions.

  scaffold Annotated edition with sentence frames
• Pairs: read Douglass 'Men of Color' broadside March 21 1863; identify 3 rhetorical moves.

  scaffold Annotated broadside

M-8-F-HIS-09-C Chart

18x24 wall chart ~180,000 Black soldiers ~10% Union army by 1865 + ~25,000 Black sailors + ~209,000 total Black servicemembers; 175+ USCT regiments; 16 Medals of Honor including Sgt William H. Carney 54th MA Fort Wagner July 18 1863; key battles centered (Fort Wagner July 18 1863 + Port Hudson May 27 1863 + Battle of the Crater July 30 1864 + Battle of Nashville Dec 15-16 1864); Combahee River Raid June 2 1863 (Tubman armed leader freeing 750+); ~40,000 USCT casualties; unequal pay protest 54th MA + restored 1864.

MG-12 Chart

USCT — United States Colored Troops 1863-1865 Data Chart — 18x24 inch wall chart documenting ~180,000 Black soldiers (~10% of Union army by 1865) + ~25,000 Black sailors in Union Navy; ~209,000 total Black servicemembers; 175+ USCT regiments; 16 Medals of Honor awarded to Black soldiers including Sergeant William H. Carney 54th Massachusetts at Fort Wagner July 18 1863; key battles centered (Fort Wagner July 18 1863 + Port Hudson May 27 1863 + Battle of the Crater July 30 1864 + Battle of Nashville Dec 15-16 1864); recruitment posters from Douglass 'Men of Color, To Arms!' March 21 1863; Combahee River Raid June 2 1863 (Tubman as armed leader freeing 750+ enslaved people); ~40,000 USCT casualties; explicit acknowledgment of unequal pay protested by Carney + 54th MA + restored 1864.

• Name 2 things EP did NOT do.
• How many Black soldiers in USCT?
• What did Douglass mean by 'he who would be free, themselves must strike the blow'?

• COMPASSION CIRCLE close (MG-15)
• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview L10: Gettysburg + Address + USCT 1864

• Read 1-page Du Bois 1935 ch.4 'General Strike' excerpt; write 1 paragraph applying MG-7 + Q9.