Fort Sumter April 12 1861 + War 1861-1862 from Multiple Perspectives — Union + Confederate + Border + Indigenous + Women + Immigrant

Review L7: Cornerstone + MG-14a. Bridge: war began April 12 1861 Fort Sumter; 4 years + ~750,000 dead later it would end. Today first 18 months from MULTIPLE perspectives — Indigenous nations whose territory was contested.

• Display battles map
• Activate MG-13a
• Pre-teach border state + Indian Territory

Fort Sumter (Charleston Harbor SC) — Confederate Beauregard bombarded April 12 1861 4:30 AM; Anderson surrendered April 13. Lincoln called for 75,000 militia April 15 1861. Within days 4 more states seceded. First Bull Run/Manassas (VA) July 21 1861 — Confederates under Beauregard + Joseph Johnston defeat Union under McDowell; Stonewall Jackson nickname; war will not be short. Anaconda Plan (Winfield Scott Apr 1861): blockade + control Mississippi + squeeze Confederacy. By summer 1862 Union controls New Orleans (April 25 1862 Farragut) + Memphis + much of Mississippi. INDIGENOUS NATIONS — Indian Territory (present-day OK) contested. Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee + Choctaw + Chickasaw + Creek + Seminole) had been forcibly removed from Southeast 1830s under Indian Removal Act 1830. Cherokee Nation SPLIT — pro-Confederate Stand Watie (Major General CSA, LAST Confederate general to surrender June 23 1865) + pro-Union John Ross (Principal Chief). Creek leader Opothleyahola led ~5,000-9,000 Creek + Seminole + free Black + enslaved-Black refugees north to Kansas Nov 1861-Jan 1862; Battle of Round Mountain Nov 19 1861 + Chustenahlah Dec 26 1861; many refugees died of cold + starvation; survivors arrived Fort Belmont KS Jan 1862. Per Doran 1978 + Confer 2007 most-overlooked dimension of US Civil War. Hampton Roads March 8-9 1862 — ironclad CSS Virginia (Merrimack hull) vs USS Monitor (Ericsson) — tactical draw; revolutionized naval warfare worldwide. Shiloh TN April 6-7 1862 — Grant Union victory at heavy cost (23,000+ combined casualties — more than US suffered in all previous wars combined); Albert Sidney Johnston CSA killed. Peninsula Campaign VA March-July 1862 — McClellan's advance toward Richmond fails; Lee takes Confederate command June 1862. Second Bull Run Aug 28-30 1862 — Confederate victory. ANTIETAM/SHARPSBURG MD September 17 1862 — Lee's first invasion of North + bloodiest single day in US military history with 22,717+ casualties (3,654 killed); Union tactical draw + strategic victory enabling Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation Sept 22 1862. Border states (KY+MO+MD+DE) remained Union. Immigrant soldiers: Irish Brigade (NY 69th+63rd+88th under Meagher) at Antietam + Fredericksburg; Iron Brigade (WI+MI+IN German Lutherans) at Antietam; ~150,000 Irish + ~200,000 German immigrants served Union.

• Apply Q8: conventional Union-vs-Confederate framing misses entirely Indigenous-sovereign-nation dimension.

  model Reveals war was multi-perspectival — Cherokee Nation as sovereign political entity was internally divided (slaveholding mixed-race elite under Stand Watie aligned with Confederacy; full-bloods + traditional + non-slaveholding under John Ross initially neutral + then Union after 1862). Stand Watie became Confederate Major General + commanded Cherokee Mounted Rifles + LAST Confederate general to surrender (June 23 1865 at Doaksville Indian Territory). Per Confer 2007 + Hauptman 1995 Between Two Fires the war devastated Indian Territory + led to harsh 1866 Reconstruction treaties imposing land losses on all 5 tribes.

  prompt How does Cherokee Nation Civil War split complicate 'North vs South'?
• model 3 reasons: (1) Lee's first invasion of North repulsed; (2) Lincoln got Union 'victory' to issue preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (Sept 22 1862); (3) British + French recognition of Confederacy — real possibility — was deferred; Proclamation transformed war from Union-restoration to anti-slavery war that European powers (esp British abolitionist opinion) could not align against. Per Foner 2010 + McPherson 2002 Crossroads of Freedom Antietam was war's most consequential single day not for military outcome but political consequence.

  prompt Why was Antietam Sept 17 1862 strategically critical despite tactical draw?

• Why did Lincoln wait for Union victory before preliminary EP Sept 22 1862?
• Name 2 Indigenous nations + roles in Indian Territory.
• Apply MG-13a: name 4 perspectives missing from conventional narratives.

M-8-F-HIS-08-A Map

Map of eastern + western theaters showing 1861-1862 battles: Fort Sumter April 12 1861 SC + First Bull Run July 21 1861 VA + Wilson's Creek Aug 10 1861 MO + Forts Henry + Donelson Feb 1862 TN + Shiloh April 6-7 1862 TN + New Orleans April 25 1862 LA + Hampton Roads March 8-9 1862 VA (ironclads) + Peninsula Campaign March-July 1862 VA + Second Bull Run Aug 28-30 1862 VA + Antietam September 17 1862 MD; Anaconda blockade arrows + Mississippi corridor + Confederate ports labeled.

M-8-F-HIS-08-B Map

Map of Indian Territory (present-day OK) 1861-1865 showing 5 tribal territories (Cherokee + Choctaw + Chickasaw + Creek + Seminole) + Cherokee split (Stand Watie Confederate zone + John Ross Union/neutral zone) + Opothleyahola refugee route Nov 1861-Jan 1862 with Battle of Round Mountain Nov 19 1861 + Chustenahlah Dec 26 1861 marked; Fort Belmont KS destination; Stand Watie surrender at Doaksville June 23 1865 marked as LAST Confederate general. Caption: 'Civil War was multi-perspectival — Cherokee Nation alone was internally divided.'

• Pairs: sequence 8 events of 1861-1862 + identify Union/Confederate/draw.

  scaffold 8-event card set
• Pairs: select ONE perspective + write 1 paragraph.

  scaffold Perspective-specific excerpt

M-8-F-HIS-08-C Photograph

Mathew Brady studio photograph (Gardner + Gibson) of Confederate dead at Antietam Sept 1862 — taken Sept 19 1862 + first photographs of US dead on US battlefield exhibited at Brady NY gallery Oct 1862 + reviewed by NY Times Oct 20 1862: 'Mr. Brady has done something to bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war.' TRAUMA-INFORMED FRAMING: shown WITH context about how photographs transformed public understanding; faces obscured/distant per current best practice; primary teaching purpose is documentary impact. Caption: 22,717+ combined Antietam casualties Sept 17 1862 = bloodiest single day in US military history.

• What 2 perspectives does MG-13a require?
• Name 1 Indigenous leader on each side of Cherokee split.
• Combined Antietam casualties?

• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview L9: Emancipation Proclamation + USCT formation

• Read 1-page excerpt on ONE non-conventional perspective; write 1 paragraph applying MG-7 + MG-13a.