The Atlantic World-System — Mercantilism, Manila Galleon Silver-Flow, Wallerstein World-Systems, and the Quantitative Columbian Exchange Ledger

Display Potosí silver mine 1545 photograph + modern photograph side-by-side. Ask: 'Where did the silver go?' Bridge to Manila Galleon + Ming silver-demand + global circulation.

• Display Potosí photographs
• Ask where-did-silver-go question
• Introduce Wallerstein world-systems + Abu-Lughod 1989 'before' picture

Atlantic World-System 1500-1750. POTOSÍ silver mine — discovered 1545 modern Bolivia (then Viceroyalty of Peru); produced ~60% of world's silver 1500-1800; ~8 million Indigenous + African workers died in Potosí over 3 centuries. MANILA GALLEON 1565-1815 — Spanish trade route Acapulco↔Manila — Mexican silver eastward (~200 tons/year peak 1580-1610) + Chinese porcelain + silk + spices westward. Silver flowed into Ming China where economy was silver-based 1430+ (Ming transition from copper to silver created massive demand). Brook 2008 'Vermeer's Hat' tells Ming-Spanish-Dutch interconnection. MERCANTILISM — economic theory + practice 1500-1750 — government policy to maximize state wealth via positive balance of trade + colonial extraction + protected domestic industries. Theorists: Mun 1664 + Colbert (Louis XIV's finance minister 1665-1683). WALLERSTEIN 1974 World-Systems Analysis — European Atlantic system emerged as new world-economy with European CORE + American PERIPHERY (raw materials + enslaved labor) + Eastern European SEMI-PERIPHERY. Abu-Lughod 1989 'Before European Hegemony' framed EARLIER 1250-1350 system as multi-core (Islamicate + Tang-Song + Indian Ocean) with NO European core. MG-21 Wallerstein 1640 map = 'after' picture. QUANTITATIVE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE — central Mexico ~25M 1519→~1M 1600; Inca region ~12M 1525→~1.5M 1600; ~90% mortality. Cross-disciplinary math link: percent calculations + ratios + proportional reasoning — math.g7.s.rp.

• Apply MG-11 Resilience-FIRST when quantifying — name resilience FIRST: present-tense Nahua + Maya + Mixtec + Zapotec; THEN name mortality with care.

  model Pre-1519 central Mexico ~25,000,000; 1600 ~1,000,000. Mortality rate = (25M - 1M) / 25M = 24M / 25M = 0.96 = 96%. About 96% of Indigenous central Mexicans died in 80-year window — primarily smallpox + measles + influenza + typhus + yellow fever + violence + forced labor. Estimates vary (Cook 1998 + Mann 2005 + Earle 2012).

  prompt Calculate Mexico demographic-collapse percentage 1519-1600 using math.g7 proportional reasoning.
• MG-13 Decolonial Toolkit: name coloniality alongside modernity. World-system was BOTH integration AND extraction + asymmetric subordination.

  model Abu-Lughod 1989 (G7-Fall) argues 13th-14th c. world-system had MULTIPLE cores (Islamicate + Tang-Song + Indian Ocean) + NO European core. Wallerstein 1974 picks up at 1450 and argues that BETWEEN 1450-1640 a NEW world-system emerged with single European core + American periphery + Eastern European semi-periphery. Abu-Lughod's earlier system was 'world-systems-plural'; Wallerstein's later system is 'world-system-singular' (one dominant European core). Both anchored in MG-20 (G7-Fall before) and MG-21 (G7-Spring after). The historiographic transition is the unit's structural argument.

  prompt How does Wallerstein 1974 build on Abu-Lughod 1989?

• Calculate Mexico demographic collapse percentage 1519-1600.
• Name 3 economic mechanisms of the Atlantic World-System.
• What does Wallerstein 1974 argue?

M-7-S-ECO-18-A Map

24x36 inch wall map showing Manila Galleon route Acapulco-Manila 1565-1815 + Potosí silver mine Bolivia + Ming silver-demand Beijing/Hangzhou/Canton + Atlantic silver flow Seville-Antwerp; ~200 tons silver/year peak 1580-1610; silver-flow arrows color-coded by decade.

M-7-S-ECO-18-B Map

18x24 inch wall poster MG-21 Wallerstein 1640 world-system map showing European core (England/Netherlands/France/Spain) + American periphery (Caribbean sugar + Mexico/Peru silver + Brazil sugar) + Eastern European semi-periphery (Poland-Lithuania grain) + non-system Asia formations (Ottoman + Mughal + Ming-Qing not yet subordinated); Wallerstein's analytic categories color-coded.

MG-21 Map

ZHENG HE VOYAGES MAP 1405-1433 — 24x36 inch wall poster showing all SEVEN voyages routes: 1st 1405-1407 to Calicut; 2nd 1407-1409 to Calicut; 3rd 1409-1411 to Sri Lanka; 4th 1413-1415 to Hormuz; 5th 1417-1419 to Africa east coast Malindi; 6th 1421-1422 to East Africa; 7th 1431-1433 to Hormuz + Mecca + Africa. Treasure ship 400-450 feet shown to SCALE next to Santa María 62 feet — visual scale contrast. Annotated with: Ming Yongle Emperor decree text + Zheng He stone tablet at Liujia Harbor + Sri Lanka trilingual inscription (Chinese-Tamil-Persian) Galle 1411. Refusal frame: 'Zheng He's voyages PRECEDE Columbus by 87 years.'

• Pairs: calculate central Mexico + Inca demographic collapse percentages using math.g7.s.rp; calculate Manila Galleon silver-flow annual tons + 250-year total.

  scaffold Calculation worksheet with formulas pre-printed.
• Source-card practice: apply MG-7 Q1 + Q7 to Mun 1664 + Colbert's mercantilist memos.

  scaffold MG-7 sentence frames.

M-7-S-ECO-18-C Photograph

High-resolution historical photograph of Potosí silver mine + Cerro Rico Bolivia — Mountain visible from space; mining since 1545 still active; site of mit'a forced-labor system; UNESCO World Heritage; ~8 million Indigenous + African workers died over 3 centuries; PRESENT-TENSE mining community.

• Calculate Mexico mortality % 1519-1600.
• What is mercantilism?
• Sticky to MG-23 about Wallerstein vs. Abu-Lughod.

• Recite FIVE PROMISES
• Add stickies
• Preview Lesson 19 — Mughal Empire deep-dive

• Find one image of any Atlantic World-System element (Potosí + Manila Galleon ship + Elmina + Caribbean sugar plantation + Vermeer); name + date.