The Mughal Empire 1526-1707 — Babur to Akbar's Sulh-i-Kul to Shah Jahan's Taj Mahal to Aurangzeb (FORMALLY-CITED KS3 NON-EUROPEAN SOCIETY STUDY)

Display Taj Mahal photograph + architectural plan. Ask: 'What does this monument tell us about Mughal culture?' Bridge to Mughal Empire as formally-cited KS3 NON-EUROPEAN SOCIETY STUDY + global-Renaissance parallel formation.

• Display Taj Mahal photograph + plan
• Ask cultural-statement question
• Open with 'Mughal Empire is formally-cited KS3 non-European society study + global-Renaissance parallel'

Mughal Empire 1526-1707 (technically continued to 1857). Formally cited per English NC History KS3 'a non-European society' clause (2014 reforms) — KS3 OPTION: 'Mughal India 1526-1857.' Banks Level 3 transformative placement on MG-2. BABUR 1526-1530 — Timurid prince from Ferghana + Kabul; Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526 vs. Ibrahim Lodi defeated; died 1530 at age 47. Humayun 1530-1540 + 1555-1556 — defeated by Sher Shah Suri 1540 + exile in Safavid Iran + restored 1555 + died library-stairs fall 1556. GULBADAN BEGUM (Babur's daughter c.1523-1603) wrote Humayun-nama 1587 — ONLY contemporary biography of Humayun. AKBAR 1556-1605 — became emperor at 13; ruled 49 years; sulh-i-kul 'universal concord' administrative policy. Hindu + Muslim + Sikh + Jain + Christian + Zoroastrian advisors; Rajput Hindu nobles integrated as mansabdari; jizya ABOLISHED 1564 (reinstated by Aurangzeb 1679). DIN-I-ILAHI 1582 — small elite spiritual order (NOT 'new religion'); only ~19 disciples; Truschke 2017 corrects. Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (vizier + chronicler 1551-1602) wrote Akbarnama + Ain-i-Akbari. TODAR MAL revenue minister 1573 — zabt land-revenue system. FATEHPUR SIKRI 1571-1585 — Akbar's new capital built then abandoned (water-supply); UNESCO World Heritage. JAHANGIR 1605-1627 — NUR JAHAN (Mehrunissa b.1577, married 1611) ruled effectively for years; minted coins in her name. SHAH JAHAN 1628-1658 — TAJ MAHAL commissioned 1632 for Mumtaz Mahal (died childbirth 1631); 17 years to complete 1632-1653 mausoleum + 22 years full complex; ~20,000 workers; UNESCO World Heritage 1983. Red Fort Delhi 1639-1648. JAHANARA BEGUM (Shah Jahan's daughter 1614-1681) Sufi-mystical writings — Munis al-Arwah. AURANGZEB 1658-1707 — defeated Dara Shikoh + imprisoned father; expanded empire to ~5.3M km²; reinstated jizya 1679; some temple destructions BUT ALSO Hindu officials elevated + grants to Hindu temples — Truschke 2017 refuses both hagiographic + demonological framings. Died 1707 + empire fragmented. BRITISH EIC — chartered 1600 + Surat 1612 + Madras 1639 + Bombay 1668 + Calcutta 1690 — by 1707 EIC was significant commercial presence; G8-Fall traces Plassey 1757 + 1857 EIC dissolution.

• Refuse simplistic 'Mughals oppressed Hindus' OR 'Mughals tolerated all.' Reality was complex + varied by emperor + region + time.

  model Sulh-i-kul (Arabic-Persian, 'peace/concord with all') was Akbar's administrative policy of multi-religious-political accommodation — Hindu + Muslim + Sikh + Jain + Christian + Zoroastrian advisors at court; Rajput Hindu nobles integrated as mansabdari; jizya abolished 1564 (controversially reinstated by Aurangzeb 1679); Sanskrit translation bureau translated Mahabharata into Persian (Truschke 2016). Sulh-i-kul was BOTH religious-philosophical orientation AND pragmatic administrative principle for ruling religiously plural empire. Paralleled Italian Renaissance humanism's classical-Christian synthesis but with different cultural mix.

  prompt What was sulh-i-kul and why was it significant?
• MG-13a Multi-Perspective-Encounter — include women's voices in every formation's history.

  model NUR JAHAN (Mehrunissa) — Jahangir's twentieth wife (married 1611); most powerful political figure of Jahangir's later reign 1611-1627; administered government; minted coins in her name. JAHANARA BEGUM (Shah Jahan's daughter 1614-1681) — most senior woman in Shah Jahan's harem; Sufi-mystical writer (Munis al-Arwah). GULBADAN BEGUM (Babur's daughter c.1523-1603) wrote ONLY contemporary biography of Humayun. ROSHANARA BEGUM (Shah Jahan's daughter) supported Aurangzeb in succession war. Standard 'Akbar-Jahangir-Shah Jahan-Aurangzeb' male-only narrative ERASES them. MG-7 Q5 NMAI — Mughal women's voices SILENCED in conventional history.

  prompt Why teach Mughal women political actors as part of standard Mughal narrative?

• Name 4 Mughal emperors with reign dates.
• What is sulh-i-kul?
• Name 2 Mughal women political actors.

M-7-S-CUL-19-A Map

24x36 inch laminated MG-20 showing Mughal territorial extent at peak under Aurangzeb 1690s (~5.3M km²) + four phases color-coded; capitals labeled (Agra + Delhi + Fatehpur Sikri + Lahore + Aurangabad); monuments named; British EIC trading-posts highlighted (Surat 1612 + Madras 1639 + Bombay 1668 + Calcutta 1690).

MG-20 Map

MUGHAL EMPIRE map 1526-1707 — 24x36 inch laminated showing Mughal territorial extent at peak under Aurangzeb 1690s (5.3 million km²) + four phases: Babur 1526-1530 + Akbar 1556-1605 + Shah Jahan 1628-1658 + Aurangzeb 1658-1707. Capitals labeled — Agra + Delhi + Fatehpur Sikri + Lahore + Aurangabad. Major monuments — Taj Mahal Agra + Red Fort Delhi + Humayun's Tomb + Fatehpur Sikri palace complex. Persianate cultural-administrative system zone shown. British East India Company trading-posts highlighted — Surat 1612 + Madras 1639 + Bombay 1668 + Calcutta 1690 — to set up G8-Fall Plassey 1757.

M-7-S-CUL-19-B Photograph

High-resolution photograph of Taj Mahal Agra (1632-1653, full complex 1632-1685 includes mosque + guest house + char-bagh + minarets + reflecting pool); UNESCO World Heritage 1983; integration of Persianate + Indic + Central Asian + Quranic architectural traditions; ~20,000 workers; Shah Jahan's commission for Mumtaz Mahal.

• Pairs: on MG-20, label 4 emperors' reigns + Taj Mahal + Red Fort + Fatehpur Sikri + 4 EIC trading posts.

  scaffold Pre-labeled MG-20 with key sites.
• Source-card practice: apply MG-7 Q1 + Q5 + Q7 to Akbarnama excerpt on Din-i-Ilahi.

  scaffold MG-7 sentence frames + Akbarnama excerpt highlighted.

M-7-S-CUL-19-C Illustration

High-resolution reproduction of one Mughal miniature painting from Akbar-period workshop — Abu'l-Hasan or Mansur or Basawan; depicting court scene OR natural-history; Persian-Mughal style integrating Persian + Indic conventions.

• Name 4 Mughal emperors.
• What is sulh-i-kul?
• Sticky to MG-23 about Mughal court.

• Recite FIVE PROMISES
• Add stickies
• Preview Lesson 20 — Ming/Qing/Tokugawa global parity

• Find one image of any Mughal art/architecture (Taj Mahal + Red Fort + miniature + Fatehpur Sikri); name + date + emperor.