Vilcabamba 1537-1572 and Las Casas's Dissent — 35 Years of Neo-Inca Resistance, Tupac Amaru I's Execution, and the First European Critic of Conquest (trauma-informed continued)

TRAUMA-INFORMED PROTOCOL ACTIVE. Open with MG-9 Living-Descendant Promise — name Tupac Amaru I as ancestor of contemporary Quechua nationhood movements + 1780-1783 Tupac Amaru II revolt (preview G8). Display Vilcabamba state map.

• Display MG-15 protocol
• Open with present-tense Quechua naming
• Connect Tupac Amaru I 1572 to Tupac Amaru II 1780-1783 to present-tense Quechua sovereignty

TRAUMA-INFORMED CONTINUED. Vilcabamba 1537-1572 represents 35-year armed Indigenous resistance — one of longest sustained anti-colonial resistances in Americas history. FIVE rulers: Manco Inca 1533-1544 (puppet 1533; rebelled 1536; founded Vilcabamba 1537; assassinated 1544 by Almagrist refugees); Sayri Tupac 1544-1560 (Spanish negotiations 1557); Titu Cusi 1560-1571 (dictated Instrucción 1570 — primary-source Inca narrative); Tupac Amaru I 1571-1572 (last neo-Inca ruler captured 24 June 1572 + publicly executed Cuzco 24 September 1572 by Viceroy Toledo). LAS CASAS 1484-1566 — Spanish-Dominican who initially participated in encomienda 1502-1514 + converted to anti-encomienda 1514. Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias 1542/1552. 1550-1551 VALLADOLID DEBATE with Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda — Sepúlveda argued Indigenous 'natural slaves' per Aristotle; Las Casas argued Indigenous fully rational humans; conquest unjust. Inconclusive but influential on 1542 New Laws abolishing Indigenous chattel slavery (limited enforcement). LIMITATIONS — early advocacy of African slavery as 'replacement labor' (1516-1530s), LATER renounced in Historia de las Indias 1550s.

• MG-13 Decolonial Toolkit: even Las Casas's dissent operated within colonial framework. Centering Indigenous voices (Florentine Codex, Guaman Poma, Titu Cusi's Instrucción) is the decolonial move.

  model Valladolid 1550-1551 was FIRST formal European debate on whether Indigenous peoples were fully human + had natural rights. Sepúlveda argued Aristotle's 'natural slave' doctrine. Las Casas argued Indigenous full rationality + cultures + religions; conquest was unjust violence. Inconclusive but Las Casas influential on 1542 New Laws + later humanitarian law. Yet INTRA-EUROPEAN debate — Indigenous not invited; debate ABOUT them did not include them. MG-7 Q5 NMAI: Indigenous voices silent at Valladolid.

  prompt Why is the 1550-1551 Valladolid debate significant?
• Refuses both 'Las Casas as saint' and 'Las Casas as villain' framings.

  model Las Casas advocated African slavery as 'replacement labor' in early career (1516-1530s). LATER renounced. Teaching only contributions creates hero-narrative ignoring complicity in Atlantic slave trade expansion. Teaching limitations + renunciation shows him as complex source needing critical reading. MG-7 Q1 SOURCING + Q5 NMAI: every source has agendas + silences. Las Casas was courageous critic AND flawed actor whose early advocacy contributed to Atlantic slave trade origins (Lesson 17 deepens).

  prompt Why teach Las Casas's LIMITATIONS not just contributions?

• Name 3 Vilcabamba rulers + 1572 execution date.
• Who was Las Casas + name 2 works.
• What is Las Casas's main LIMITATION?

M-7-S-HIS-14-A Map

18x24 inch map showing Vilcabamba state in remote eastern Andes 1537-1572 with 5 rulers' reigns timeline + Cuzco location + Tupac Amaru I 1572 capture (Vilcabamba 24 June) + execution (Cuzco 24 September) routes overlaid.

M-7-S-HIS-14-B Illustration

High-resolution reproduction of one Theodor de Bry engraving from Las Casas Brevísima Relación illustrated Latin edition 1598 depicting Spanish atrocities + Indigenous suffering; widely circulated 'Black Legend' propaganda; use MG-15 protocol.

MG-15 Diagram

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE diagram — 24x36 inch wall poster showing two-way biological + cultural + ecological flows 1492-1600+. American → Afro-Eurasia: maize/potato/sweet potato/tomato/cacao/turkey/tobacco/cassava/peanut/pumpkin/squash/vanilla/pineapple/avocado/chili pepper/quinoa. Afro-Eurasia → Americas: wheat/horse/cattle/pig/sheep/goat/chicken/sugarcane/coffee/banana/citrus/onion/garlic/grapes/olives. DISEASE flow: smallpox + measles + influenza + typhus + yellow fever (Afro-Eurasia → Americas, devastating); syphilis (debated origin, Americas → Afro-Eurasia). Style: clear visual flow with food + animal silhouettes; named by scientific + Indigenous + European common names where applicable.

• Pairs: on Vilcabamba state map, label 5 rulers' reigns + name Tupac Amaru I's capture (Vilcabamba 24 June 1572) + execution (Cuzco 24 September 1572).

  scaffold Pre-drawn Vilcabamba map with timeline.
• Source-card practice: apply MG-7 Q1 + Q5 NMAI to Las Casas Brevísima Relación + Sepúlveda Democrates Alter — what's missing from BOTH?

  scaffold MG-7 sentence frames + parallel-source highlight.

M-7-S-HIS-14-C Illustration

High-resolution reproduction of one Felipe Guaman Poma Nueva Corónica 1615 folio depicting Vilcabamba or Tupac Amaru I — Indigenous-Andean primary-source perspective; Royal Library Copenhagen GKS 2232.

• Name 2 Vilcabamba rulers.
• What did Las Casas argue at Valladolid?
• Sticky to MG-23 about colonial-era resistance.

• Recite FIVE PROMISES
• Compassion Circle close
• Preview Lesson 15 — Maya + Pueblo Revolt + ongoing resistance

• Find one image of Tupac Amaru I OR II depiction + describe perspective.