The Scientific Revolution in Global Perspective — Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Vesalius + Jai Singh II + Piri Reis + Xu Guangqi-Ricci

Display geocentric (Ptolemaic) vs. heliocentric (Copernican) diagrams side-by-side. Ask: 'Which is correct? When did Europe accept the heliocentric model?' Bridge: 1543 publication, but full acceptance took 100+ years (Galileo 1633 forced to recant).

• Display geocentric/heliocentric diagrams
• Ask the which-is-correct question
• Introduce 'Scientific Revolution' chronology 1543-1687

Scientific Revolution 1543-1687. Copernicus (Nicolaus 1473-1543) — Polish astronomer, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1543 (published year of his death) — heliocentric model, mathematically simpler than Ptolemy but observationally indistinguishable until telescope; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) — Italian, Sidereus Nuncius 1610 — telescope observations of Jupiter's moons + Venus's phases + Moon's craters; 1633 Inquisition forces recantation; Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) — German Protestant, Astronomia Nova 1609 + Harmonices Mundi 1619 — three laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits NOT circular); Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) — Flemish, De humani corporis fabrica 1543 — first systematic illustrated human anatomy based on dissection (refutes Galen on many points). LIMITS of 'Europe alone' framing — Galileo invented neither the telescope (Hans Lippershey 1608 Dutch) nor astronomy; Vesalius improved on but did not originate dissection (Galen 2nd c. Roman + Ibn al-Nafis 1242 Islamic + Mondino de Liuzzi 1316 Bologna). Global parallels: MUGHAL — Jai Singh II 1688-1743 + Jantar Mantar observatories Delhi (1724) + Jaipur (1734) + Ujjain + Varanasi + Mathura — massive masonry instruments measuring planetary positions to better-than-arcminute accuracy; Mughal astronomical synthesis of Greek + Indian + Islamic sources. OTTOMAN — Piri Reis 1513 world map (Topkapı Library R.1633 mü) — based on at least 20 prior maps including a Columbus map; Kitab-ı Bahriye 1521 navigation manual. MING-JESUIT — Xu Guangqi 1562-1633 + Matteo Ricci 1552-1610 — Euclid's Elements translated into Chinese 1607; Ricci's 1602 Kunyu Wanguo Quantu world map for Ming court; Ming-Jesuit collaboration produced original synthetic work, not one-way transmission.

• Mughal astronomy was NOT 'derivative' or 'medieval' — it was an active early-modern science engaging with Ptolemy/Copernicus and producing original Sanskrit + Arabic + Persian scholarship.

  model Jantar Mantar (Sanskrit yantra mantra 'instrument formula') Delhi 1724 + Jaipur 1734 + Ujjain + Varanasi + Mathura — five astronomical observatories built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II of Amber, a Rajput governor under Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. Instruments include Samrat Yantra (giant sundial 27m high) measuring time to 2-second accuracy; Jaiprakash Yantra; Rama Yantra; Rashi Yantra. Mughal astronomy synthesized Greek (via Arabic translations carried over from Islamic Golden Age — G7-Fall connection!) + Indian (Aryabhata 499 + Bhaskara 1150) + Islamic (al-Khwarizmi 825). Jai Singh II produced Zij-i Muhammad Shahi 1727 — astronomical tables.

  prompt What does Jai Singh II's Jantar Mantar tell us about Mughal scientific culture?
• Note: the Ming-Jesuit collaboration is sometimes told as 'Europeans bringing science to China,' refused here. Xu Guangqi was an active scientific intellectual whose collaboration with Ricci was bidirectional.

  model Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) was a Ming official + Catholic convert (baptized 1603); Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) was an Italian Jesuit who arrived in Macau 1582 + reached Beijing 1601. They co-translated Euclid's Elements Books 1-6 into Chinese 1607 — the first systematic Chinese-language Euclidean geometry. Xu also wrote Nongzheng quanshu 1639 Complete Treatise on Agricultural Administration. Ricci produced the 1602 Kunyu Wanguo Quantu world map placing China at center per Ming convention. The collaboration was NOT one-way Western-to-Chinese transmission — Ricci adopted Chinese name + Confucian-scholar dress + studied Chinese classics for 27 years.

  prompt What does Xu Guangqi + Matteo Ricci's 1607 Euclid translation tell us about Ming-Jesuit science?

• Name 4 European Scientific Revolution figures + one work each.
• Name Jai Singh II's Jantar Mantar observatories (at least 3 cities).
• Name Xu Guangqi + Matteo Ricci's 1607 collaboration.

M-7-S-CUL-06-A Photograph

High-resolution photograph of Jantar Mantar Jaipur 1734 — Samrat Yantra (27m sundial) + Rashi Yantras + Jaiprakash Yantra; UNESCO World Heritage Site 2010; person at base for scale shows massive masonry.

M-7-S-CUL-06-B Map

High-resolution reproduction of Piri Reis 1513 world map fragment (Topkapı Palace Library R.1633 mü) showing surviving section — Western Atlantic + South American coast + Caribbean; annotations in Ottoman Turkish; based on at least 20 prior maps including a now-lost Columbus map.

• Pairs: place 4 European + 3 non-European Scientific Revolution figures on MG-2 Atlas timeline 1543-1727.

  scaffold Pre-printed figure cards with dates.
• Source-card practice: apply MG-7 Q3 CORROBORATION + Q7 WHOSE GOLDEN AGE to Galileo Sidereus Nuncius 1610 vs. Xu Guangqi-Ricci Euclid 1607.

  scaffold MG-7 sentence frames.

M-7-S-CUL-06-C Illustration

High-resolution reproduction of Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica 1543 frontispiece showing dissection theater Padua + selected anatomical woodcut illustration (e.g., the famous flayed-muscle figure); refutes Galenic errors via direct observation.

• Name 2 European + 2 non-European Scientific Revolution figures.
• Where is Jantar Mantar?
• Sticky to MG-23 about global science.

• Recite FIVE PROMISES
• Add stickies
• Preview Lesson 7 — Northern Renaissance and Gutenberg

• Find one image of Jantar Mantar OR Piri Reis 1513 map OR Xu Guangqi-Ricci 1607 Euclid page; name + date + significance.