Sherman's March + Special Field Orders 15 + Appomattox + Lincoln Assassination + Juneteenth June 19 1865 [TRAUMA-INFORMED]

Review L10: Gettysburg + Address + Combahee. Bridge: today war's final 8 months Nov 1864-June 1865 — Sherman + Appomattox + Lincoln assassination + Juneteenth.

• Activate MG-15 protocol
• Display Sherman's March routes map
• Display Lincoln Second Inaugural March 4 1865

Sherman's March Atlanta-to-Savannah Nov 15-Dec 21 1864 — Sherman cut loose from supply lines after burning Atlanta + marched 60,000 Union troops 285 miles to Savannah; foraged off land; destroyed railroads + plantations + Confederate war-making capacity ('Sherman's neckties'); freed thousands of enslaved people along way; reached Savannah Dec 21 1864 (offered to Lincoln as Christmas gift). Special Field Orders No. 15 Jan 16 1865 — Sherman issued local order setting aside SC+GA+FL Sea Islands + coastal land (~400,000 acres) for exclusive Black settlement in 40-acre plots ('40 acres and a mule' — 'mule' came from army surplus). 40,000+ formerly enslaved Black families settled this land Jan-May 1865. President Andrew Johnson rescinded the order fall 1865 + returned the land to former Confederate owners. Per Wills 1990 + Foner 1988 this was moment of greatest possibility for Black economic foundation — and moment of greatest federal betrayal. Carolinas Campaign Jan-April 1865 — Sherman marched north through SC (Columbia burned Feb 17 1865) + into NC; Joseph Johnston surrendered to Sherman April 26 1865. Appomattox April 9 1865 — Lee surrendered Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at McLean House Appomattox Court House VA; Grant terms generous (officers kept sidearms + horses; soldiers paroled). BUT Appomattox did NOT end the war. Confederate Trans-Mississippi under Kirby Smith surrendered May 26 1865; Stand Watie (Cherokee) June 23 1865 (LAST Confederate general); CSS Shenandoah surrendered Nov 6 1865 in Liverpool England. Lincoln Second Inaugural March 4 1865 (~700 words): 'With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in.' Lincoln assassination April 14 1865 — John Wilkes Booth (29-year-old actor + Confederate sympathizer) shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre Washington DC during 'Our American Cousin'; Lincoln died next morning April 15. Coordinated conspiracy: Lewis Powell attacked Sec of State Seward (Seward survived); George Atzerodt assigned to kill VP Johnson but did not attempt. Booth fled VA + killed April 26 1865. 4 conspirators (Powell + Atzerodt + David Herold + Mary Surratt) hanged July 7 1865 — Surratt first woman executed by US federal government. Johnson became 17th President. Juneteenth June 19 1865 — Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger arrived Galveston TX with 2,000 federal troops + issued General Orders No. 3: 'The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves...' 250,000 enslaved Texans were last to learn of Proclamation (2.5 years after Jan 1 1863). Per Gordon-Reed 2021 On Juneteenth: Juneteenth became Texas state holiday 1980 + federal holiday June 17 2021 (signed by Biden; Opal Lee 94-year-old activist's 30-year campaign central). Annette Gordon-Reed (Texas-born Harvard historian + Pulitzer Prize for Hemingses 2008) is definitive contemporary historian of Juneteenth's meaning.

• Apply MG-14b — rescission of SFO 15 is first major betrayal.

  model Per Foner 1988 + Wills 1990: For 4 months Jan-May 1865 40,000+ formerly enslaved Black families settled ~400,000 acres of Sea Island + coastal SC+GA+FL land — largest federal land redistribution in US history before or since. Andrew Johnson rescinded order fall 1865 + returned land to former Confederate owners — even forcibly evicting Black families. Per Foner 1988 'first betrayal of Reconstruction' — foundation of failed land-redistribution that would have given freedpeople economic independence. '40 acres and a mule' became American folk memory of Reconstruction's broken promise.

  prompt Why is SFO No. 15 (40 acres + a mule) moment of greatest possibility AND greatest betrayal?
• model Per Gordon-Reed 2021: Galveston TX June 19 1865 was LAST major Confederate-held area to receive federal enforcement of EP. 250,000 enslaved Texans had been kept enslaved 2.5 years after Jan 1 1863 — because Texas had been distant from Union military advance + enslavers had moved enslaved people to Texas to avoid Union liberation. June 19 became freedom-day celebration for many Black Americans + spread nationally + finally federal holiday June 17 2021. Opal Lee (b.1926 TX) walked 1,400 miles 2016-2021 to advocate.

  prompt Why was Juneteenth June 19 1865 such an important enforcement moment?

• What were Special Field Orders 15 + who rescinded?
• When was Appomattox? Did it end the war?
• What did General Orders No. 3 June 19 1865 declare?

M-8-F-HIS-11-A Map

Map of Sherman's March showing Atlanta-to-Savannah route Nov 15-Dec 21 1864 + Carolinas Campaign Jan-April 1865 + SFO 15 territory (SC+GA+FL Sea Islands and coastal ~400,000 acres set aside for Black settlement); 60,000 Union troops + 285 miles to Savannah; foraging routes + railroad destruction ('Sherman's neckties') + Confederate plantation destruction; freedmen's-camp formations along route.

M-8-F-HIS-11-B Photograph

Composite: McLean House Appomattox Court House VA April 9 1865 (site of Lee surrender to Grant) + Ford's Theatre Washington DC interior with presidential box where Lincoln shot April 14 1865 by John Wilkes Booth during 'Our American Cousin' + Lincoln's funeral procession; captions with dates + outcomes (Lincoln died April 15 1865; Booth killed April 26 1865; 4 conspirators hanged July 7 1865 incl. Mary Surratt first woman executed by US federal government); refuses 'reconciliation' framing per Blight 2001.

• Pairs: read SFO 15 + identify 5 provisions + paragraph on Johnson rescission as betrayal.

  scaffold Annotated SFO 15
• Pairs: read Juneteenth General Orders No. 3 + paragraph on Gordon-Reed 2021 framing.

  scaffold Gordon-Reed excerpt

M-8-F-HIS-11-C Photograph

Composite: Galveston TX June 19 1865 historical site (where Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger issued General Orders No. 3) + Opal Lee b.1926 'Grandmother of Juneteenth' photograph during her 1,400-mile walk for federal recognition + Biden signing Juneteenth Federal Holiday Act June 17 2021 with Opal Lee + Gordon-Reed 2021 On Juneteenth book cover; caption with 250,000 enslaved Texans freed June 19 1865 + 2.5 years after EP + federal holiday since 2021.

• What was SFO 15?
• Who killed Lincoln + when + where?
• What does Juneteenth commemorate?

• COMPASSION CIRCLE close (MG-15)
• Add 1 sticky to MG-6
• Preview L12: 13/14/15 Amendments as Second Founding

• Read 1-page Gordon-Reed 2021 On Juneteenth; write 1 paragraph applying MG-7.