Madison Presidency — Tecumseh's Confederacy 1809-1813, War of 1812, Burning of Washington 1814, Battle of New Orleans 1815, Treaty of Ghent 1814

THREE PROMISES + extended MG-8 Sovereignty Promise standing recite (Tecumseh and the Shawnee Nation content today; the Shawnee ARE today, sovereign, with HQ Wewoka OK for the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma + Absentee Shawnee Tribe HQ Shawnee OK + Shawnee Tribe HQ Miami OK)

• Three Promises with extended Sovereignty recitation naming the present-day Shawnee nations

Madison took office March 4 1809. War of 1812 (June 1812 - February 1815) was a war between the US and Britain with FOUR primary causes: (1) British IMPRESSMENT of US sailors (~6,000-10,000 forced into the British Royal Navy); (2) British naval RESTRICTIONS on US neutral shipping during Napoleonic Wars (Orders in Council); (3) British SUPPORT for Indigenous resistance led by Tecumseh in the Ohio Valley + Old Northwest; (4) WAR HAWKS in Congress (Henry Clay KY + John C. Calhoun SC + other young Democratic-Republicans) wanting Canadian and Spanish-Florida territorial expansion. TECUMSEH'S CONFEDERACY 1809-1813. Tecumseh (Shawnee, ~1768-1813) and his brother Tenskwatawa 'the Prophet' organized a multi-nation confederacy across the Ohio Valley + Old Northwest resisting US encroachment after the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne (3 million acres ceded). Tecumseh's 1810 SPEECH TO INDIANA TERRITORY GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON: 'No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers... Sell a country? Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?' This is Indigenous political theory in writing. Tecumseh's 1811 Speech to the Osage + 1813 Speech to the Choctaw and Chickasaw extended the Confederacy idea. BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE November 7 1811 (Harrison vs. Tenskwatawa, while Tecumseh away recruiting Southern nations) — Confederacy decisively defeated; Harrison's nickname 'Tippecanoe' becomes his 1840 presidential campaign slogan. Tecumseh then allied with the British in War of 1812; killed at Battle of the Thames October 5 1813. WAR EVENTS: US declared war June 18 1812 (the war vote was the CLOSEST in US history — 19-13 Senate, 79-49 House — split largely along Federalist (against) / Democratic-Republican (for) lines). Failed invasions of Canada 1812 + 1813. BRITISH BURNED WASHINGTON DC August 24-25 1814 — White House and Capitol set on fire; Dolley Madison saved the Gilbert Stuart Washington portrait and key state documents. 'STAR-SPANGLED BANNER' written September 14 1814 by Francis Scott Key at the Battle of Baltimore. (The rarely-taught 3rd verse references 'No refuge could save the hireling and slave / From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave' — Key was a slaveholder, and the verse celebrates the British failure to enforce the Dunmore-style emancipation that ~4,000 enslaved African Americans had achieved by escaping to British lines.) BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS January 8 1815 — Andrew Jackson defeats British (fought AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed but BEFORE news arrived; news traveled slowly by sail). TREATY OF GHENT December 24 1814 — restored pre-war boundaries; no territorial change. The war was a strategic DRAW but a US PSYCHOLOGICAL victory (sometimes called 'Second War of Independence'). The war DESTROYED Tecumseh's Confederacy AND the Federalist Party (which opposed the war at the HARTFORD CONVENTION 1814 — secessionist tendencies the war's end + Battle of New Orleans victory made politically toxic).

• Notice: Tecumseh's argument is a SOVEREIGNTY argument that the Cherokee will make again in 1831-32 (Worcester v. Georgia).

  model Indigenous nations are SOVEREIGN — they cannot 'sell' land, just as nobody can sell the air or the sea. Land belongs to all generations of the people. Treaties for land cession are invalid because no Indigenous person can transfer what belongs to all. This is sophisticated political theory.

  prompt What did Tecumseh argue in his 1810 Speech?

• Name the four causes of the War of 1812.
• What was Tecumseh's central political argument?
• Why is the Battle of New Orleans 1815 ironic?

Apply full MG-7 routine to Tecumseh's 1810 Speech. SOURCING: Tecumseh's words as transcribed by Harrison's translator (so already filtered). CONTEXTUALIZATION: 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne just signed; 3M acres ceded. CORROBORATION: Compare with US treaty documents. CLOSE READING: 'Sell a country? Why not sell the air?' NMAI 5th: Whose voices PRESENT? Tecumseh's own. Whose ABSENT? Translators may have softened the original Shawnee.

M-5-S-HIS-10-A Map

Map of North America 1812 with US borders + Tecumseh's Confederacy territory shaded gold across Ohio Valley + Old Northwest + key battles labeled (Tippecanoe November 1811 + Detroit Battle 1812 + Lake Erie 1813 + Battle of the Thames October 1813 + Washington DC August 1814 + Baltimore September 1814 + New Orleans January 1815). Treaty of Ghent signing location marked (Ghent Belgium December 24 1814). Indigenous nations of the Confederacy named with present-day tribal-HQ dots. Scale bar; north arrow.

MG-2 Map

Map of the early United States from 1783 to 1850 with five SNAPSHOT overlays selectable: 1783 (Treaty of Paris boundaries — Mississippi River western boundary) + 1803 (Louisiana Purchase doubling the country) + 1820 (Missouri Compromise line 36°30′ shown as red dashed horizontal line) + 1830 (Indian Removal Act — Five Nations southeastern homelands AND removal-route arrows to Indian Territory) + 1850 (Compromise of 1850 — Texas annexation 1845, Oregon 1846, Mexican Cession 1848, Gold Rush California 1849). Each snapshot includes the present-day state outlines as faint reference + the major Indigenous-nation territories with present-day tribal-headquarters dots in a contrasting color. Scale bar; north arrow; legend identifying each color. Style: clean cartographic with three-color political shading; available in raised-relief tactile version.

M-5-S-HIS-10-B Audio Physical / non-image

5-minute audio recording of Tecumseh's 1810 Speech (G5-age-appropriate excerpts) read by a vetted Shawnee-community-vetted narrator. Pause-points at 3 moments for class discussion of sovereignty argument. Transcripts in English + Shawnee (where licensed).

• Sort 4 War of 1812 causes cards + identify which cause was MOST decisive for the war vote.

  scaffold War vote breakdown chart provided
• In pairs, read Tecumseh's 1810 Speech excerpt aloud. Identify ONE sentence that argues for Indigenous sovereignty.

  scaffold Sentence frame: 'Tecumseh argued ___ because ___'

• Why is Tecumseh's 1810 Speech important?
• Why was the Battle of New Orleans 1815 ironic?

• Place War of 1812 1812-1815 + Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 + Treaty of Ghent 1814 on MG-4 Bands 1 + 3
• Preview Lesson 11 — Monroe Doctrine + Era of Good Feelings + Missouri Compromise

• Read the full 4 verses of Star-Spangled Banner. Identify ONE thing you did NOT know before today. 2-sentence response.