Jefferson Presidency — Louisiana Purchase 1803, Lewis and Clark 1804-1806 (4-Perspective Review), Marbury v. Madison 1803, Embargo Act 1807

THREE PROMISES + Sovereignty Promise standing recite (Indigenous-nations content today)

• Three Promises with extended MG-8 Sovereignty Promise recitation given Lewis and Clark content

Jefferson took office March 4 1801 (the first peaceful transfer of power). His first term included the foundational case MARBURY v. MADISON 1803 establishing judicial review (covered in Lesson 7 — review). LOUISIANA PURCHASE 1803: Napoleonic France, in financial trouble, offered to sell its Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million. Jefferson hesitated — the Constitution gives no enumerated power to BUY territory. Jefferson believed in 'strict construction' (only powers explicitly listed in the Constitution). But the deal was too good to refuse: 828,000 square miles, ~4 cents per acre, DOUBLING US territory. Jefferson used the TREATY POWER (Art. II §2) as the workaround. The Senate ratified October 20 1803. THIS IS A CONSTITUTIONAL TENSION — Jefferson's own strict-construction principles vs. his political opportunity. LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION 1804-1806 — review G4-Spring 4-perspective framing: (1) Meriwether Lewis + William Clark — co-leaders; military intelligence + scientific cataloging mission; (2) SACAGAWEA (Lemhi Shoshone, ~16 years old at expedition start, with infant son Jean Baptiste 'Pomp' born February 1805 during expedition) — translator + diplomat with Indigenous nations + ecological knowledge; without her the expedition would have failed; her face is on the US dollar coin since 2000; (3) YORK — enslaved attendant of William Clark; the only Black member of the expedition; voted at one expedition decision (Nov 1805, Pacific Coast wintering location) — a rare moment of equal voice for an enslaved Black man and a young Indigenous woman; never freed during expedition; (4) HOST INDIGENOUS NATIONS — Mandan, Hidatsa, Lemhi Shoshone, Nez Perce, Clatsop, Chinook (with present-tense protocol — these nations ARE today; Mandan Hidatsa Arikara MHA Nation HQ Fort Berthold ND). EMBARGO ACT 1807 — Jefferson banned ALL US shipping to foreign ports to leverage Britain + France in Napoleonic War. Result: failed; devastated New England merchants; Jefferson left office unpopular in Federalist regions. BURR CONSPIRACY 1807 — former VP Aaron Burr accused of treasonous Western-territory plot; tried + acquitted (Chief Justice Marshall's narrow construction of treason).

• Notice: even the strictest constructionists bent their principles when opportunity arose. The Constitution is a LIVING document interpreted by humans.

  model Jefferson was a 'strict construction' Democratic-Republican — only powers explicitly listed in the Constitution. Buying 828,000 square miles is not an enumerated power. Jefferson used the Treaty Power (Art. II §2) as workaround. He did it anyway because the opportunity was too good — a tension between his own principles and political opportunity.

  prompt Why was the Louisiana Purchase a constitutional tension for Jefferson?

• What constitutional tension did Jefferson face with the Louisiana Purchase?
• Name the 4 perspectives on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
• What did the Embargo Act 1807 try to do? Why did it fail?

Apply MG-7 to Lewis and Clark Journals selected entry (e.g., the November 24 1805 vote on Pacific Coast wintering — when York and Sacagawea both cast votes). NMAI 5th: Whose voices in this journal? Whose voices were the journal NOT written for? (The journal was written FOR Jefferson — its imagined reader was the President. Indigenous voices appear as Lewis's TRANSLATION via Sacagawea or other translators.)

M-5-S-CIV-09-A Map

Map of North America 1803 showing US pre-Purchase boundary (Mississippi River as western edge) + the 828,000 square miles of the Louisiana Purchase tinted gold + Lewis and Clark route 1804-1806 dotted line from St. Louis up the Missouri to the Pacific Coast and back + Indigenous nation territories with present-day tribal-headquarters dots: Mandan Hidatsa Arikara MHA Nation HQ Fort Berthold ND, Lemhi Shoshone, Nez Perce, Clatsop, Chinook. Scale bar; north arrow; legend. Tactile raised-relief version available.

MG-2 Map

Map of the early United States from 1783 to 1850 with five SNAPSHOT overlays selectable: 1783 (Treaty of Paris boundaries — Mississippi River western boundary) + 1803 (Louisiana Purchase doubling the country) + 1820 (Missouri Compromise line 36°30′ shown as red dashed horizontal line) + 1830 (Indian Removal Act — Five Nations southeastern homelands AND removal-route arrows to Indian Territory) + 1850 (Compromise of 1850 — Texas annexation 1845, Oregon 1846, Mexican Cession 1848, Gold Rush California 1849). Each snapshot includes the present-day state outlines as faint reference + the major Indigenous-nation territories with present-day tribal-headquarters dots in a contrasting color. Scale bar; north arrow; legend identifying each color. Style: clean cartographic with three-color political shading; available in raised-relief tactile version.

M-5-S-CIV-09-B Illustration

4-portrait card: Lewis + Clark (Charles Willson Peale portraits); Sacagawea (US Mint dollar coin reverse design, 2000); York (artistic reconstruction since no historical portrait exists; based on William Clark's journal descriptions); Mandan + Lemhi Shoshone + Nez Perce + Clatsop + Chinook present-day tribal-cultural-office logos for each. Caption: 'Four perspectives — and the host nations still here today.'

• Match 4 Lewis and Clark perspective-cards to their accounts (Lewis/Clark — leadership; Sacagawea — translation + diplomacy; York — labor + voting moment; Indigenous nations — host + provisioning + warning).

  scaffold G4-Spring 4-perspective framework continues
• On MG-2 Louisiana Purchase map overlay, trace Lewis and Clark route + identify 5 Indigenous nations encountered.

  scaffold Map provided with route printed; Indigenous-nation labels need to be matched to dots

• Why is Sacagawea on the dollar coin? Why is York equally important?
• Name two ways Jefferson's strict-construction principles conflicted with his presidency's actions.

• Place Louisiana Purchase 1803 + Lewis and Clark 1804-1806 + Embargo 1807 on MG-4 Band 1; Marbury 1803 already there
• Preview Lesson 10 — Madison's presidency + Tecumseh's Confederacy + War of 1812

• Ask one caregiver: 'Have you visited any of the lands that were part of the Louisiana Purchase?' Bring back the answer.