hist.g8.s.his.japanese_american_incarceration_korematsu
Analyze Japanese American incarceration 1942-46 as constitutional violation: Executive Order 9066 + Korematsu v. United States 1944 + Civil Liberties Act of 1988 redress
Trace Pearl Harbor Dec 7 1941; Executive Order 9066 Feb 19 1942 FDR; ~120,000 incarcerated 2/3 US-born citizens; 10 War Relocation Authority camps (Manzanar + Tule Lake + Heart Mountain + Topaz + Minidoka + Poston + Gila River + Granada + Rohwer + Jerome); Densho terminology authority ('incarceration' not 'internment'); Korematsu v. United States 323 U.S. 214 (1944) Black majority — Murphy + Roberts + Jackson dissents; Hirabayashi 1943; Endo Dec 18 1944 ordered release; 442nd Regimental Combat Team most-decorated unit; loyalty questionnaire 1943 + Tule Lake segregation; Civil Liberties Act Aug 10 1988 (Reagan signed) + $20,000 per surviving incarceree + presidential apology; Trump v. Hawaii 138 S. Ct. 2392 (2018) Roberts CJ overruled Korematsu in dicta; centered own-voice: Yoshiko Uchida + George Takei 2019 + Mitsuye Yamada + Mine Okubo 1946 + Fred Korematsu.
- Using 'internment' instead of 'incarceration' — Densho + Japanese American Citizens League terminology guidelines: 'internment' legally applies only to enemy aliens; ~70,000 incarcerated were US citizens
- Treating Korematsu 1944 as good law — overruled in dicta Trump v. Hawaii 2018 + Civil Liberties Act of 1988 redress + Korematsu's 1983 coram nobis exoneration
- Treating the 442nd RCT as proof incarceration was justified — incarceration was unconstitutional regardless of how incarcerees responded