Grade 7 Spring — The Early-Modern World c. 1450-1750 CE in Six Simultaneous Formations: Italian + Northern Renaissance, the Reformation and Wars of Religion, the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Exploration with Zheng He Precedence and Multi-Perspective Encounter, the Conquest of Mexica and Inca from Indigenous Perspectives, Ongoing Indigenous Resistance through Pueblo Revolt 1680 and Itzá Maya 1697, the Atlantic Slave Trade Origins with African Voices Centered, the Mughal Empire (KS3 Non-European Society Study), Ming/Qing China with Zheng He 1405-1433, Tokugawa Japan, and the Ottoman Empire — Whose Renaissance? Whose Discovery? Whose Conquest?

Analyze the ORIGINS OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 1441-1750 from MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES with AFRICAN VOICE CENTERED — Portuguese 1441 Lagos + Elmina Castle 1482 + Kongo conversion paradox + Asante/Dahomey/Oyo polities + Middle Passage demographics 12.5M embarked / 10.7M arrived — anchored in Teaching Hard History K-12 framework + 1619 Project pedagogical materials + Equiano 1789

Examine origins of Atlantic slave trade EXPLICITLY anchored in Teaching Hard History K-12 framework (Learning for Justice 2018/2022 + SPLC) + 1619 Project K-12 Education materials (Pulitzer Center) + African perspectives. Pre-1441 context — Saharan trans-Saharan slave trade existed prior; Portuguese ATLANTIC slave trade begins 1441 Lagos Portugal first systematic captives + 1444 first organized raid + 1482 Elmina Castle (São Jorge da Mina) built on Gold Coast — 100 km west of Accra Ghana — World Heritage Site; Kongo Kingdom Christianized 1491 yet enslaved alongside; Asante (founded ~1670 Osei Tutu) + Dahomey + Oyo + Benin polities as African political actors in trade (refusing both 'Europeans acted alone' AND 'Africans sold Africans' simplistic framings); Middle Passage demographics per SlaveVoyages.org Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (Eltis et al. 2009) — 12.5 million Africans EMBARKED + 10.7 million ARRIVED + 1.8 million died in Middle Passage; African voices centered — Olaudah Equiano 1789 Interesting Narrative + Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 1734 Senegambian Muslim scholar enslaved + Phillis Wheatley 1773 first published African American author + Wolof + Yoruba + Igbo + Akan + Kongo origin traditions. EXPLICIT: 'enslaved people' NOT 'slaves' per THH style guide; refuses 'sad chapter' euphemism.

Exercise pool (4)