Jackson Presidency — Spoils System, Nullification Crisis 1832-33, Bank War, 'King Andrew' Cartoon, Indian Removal Act May 28 1830

THREE PROMISES + Sovereignty Promise standing recite (Indigenous-nations content)

• Three Promises with extended Sovereignty given Indian Removal content

1828 ELECTION as populist revenge for 1824 'Corrupt Bargain' (when JQ Adams was elected by House despite Jackson's plurality). Massive turnout increase. Jackson wins decisively. JACKSON PRESIDENCY 1829-1837. SPOILS SYSTEM — Jackson dismissed ~10% of federal employees and replaced with political loyalists; 'to the victor go the spoils' (NY Senator William Marcy 1832). Precedent that lasted until Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883. NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832-33 — South Carolina (Calhoun's home state, Vice President under Jackson then Senator) attempted to NULLIFY the 1828 and 1832 federal tariffs ('Tariff of Abominations'). Calhoun's 'South Carolina Exposition and Protest' 1828 (anonymous) articulated the nullification doctrine — Jefferson and Madison's Virginia + Kentucky Resolutions 1798 RETURN as Southern doctrine. Jackson responded with FORCE BILL 1833 (federal authority to use military to enforce federal law) and reportedly threatened to hang Calhoun. Resolved by Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff 1833 (Clay yet again the 'Great Compromiser'). BANK WAR — Jackson VETOED renewal of Second Bank of the United States (Nicholas Biddle's bank) July 10 1832; Jackson pulled federal deposits 1833 placing them in 'pet banks'; the Bank closed 1836; contributing cause of PANIC OF 1837 (under Van Buren); the Bank War became the campaign issue of 1832 (Jackson beat Clay 219-49). 'KING ANDREW THE FIRST' political cartoon — anonymous Whig political cartoon 1832 depicting Jackson in royal robes trampling the Constitution and a torn-up congressional charter — a primary source on Whig opposition to Jackson; Wineburg sourcing move applies. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT May 28 1830 (15 USC §2) — Jackson's signature legislation authorizing the president to negotiate treaties exchanging Indigenous lands east of the Mississippi for federal lands west of the Mississippi (Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma). The Act passed Congress narrowly: HOUSE 102-97 + SENATE 28-19. Opposition led by SENATOR THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN (NJ Whig, 'Christian Statesman' — gave a 6-hour Senate speech against the Act over 3 days April 1830) + REP. DAVY CROCKETT (TN Democrat, broke with Jackson over the Act + lost re-election as a result). LOEWEN CRITICAL-HISTORY MOVE: textbooks have softened Jackson as 'frontier hero' and 'democrat for the common man' — the 'common man' did NOT include the Five Nations who were forced off their land (Lesson 16) OR the ~150 enslaved African Americans Jackson personally enslaved at the Hermitage.

• Notice: political cartoons are PRIMARY SOURCES about political controversy — not neutral reportage. Same Wineburg sourcing as Paul Revere's Boston Massacre engraving from G5-Fall.

  model Whig opposition argued Jackson was acting like a KING — exceeding executive authority, vetoing the Bank, ignoring Congress. The cartoon depicts Jackson in royal robes trampling the Constitution. This is partisan media — the Whig Party's election-year argument. Wineburg sourcing: who made it? When? For what audience?

  prompt What did the 'King Andrew the First' cartoon argue?

• What was the spoils system?
• What did 'King Andrew the First' cartoon argue?
• Who opposed the Indian Removal Act in Congress?

Apply MG-7 to Jackson's First Annual Message 1829 (Indian Removal proposal) + Frelinghuysen's Senate speech + 'King Andrew' cartoon. CORROBORATION across three sources — Jackson framed removal as benevolent ('save them from extinction'); Frelinghuysen named it as theft; the cartoon framed Jackson as tyrant on a DIFFERENT issue (Bank veto). Multiple sources show multiple political controversies.

M-5-S-HIS-14-A Illustration

Reproduction of anonymous Whig 1832 political cartoon: Jackson in royal robes (ermine + crown) standing on the US Constitution + a torn-up Bank of the United States charter. Jackson holds a scepter in one hand + a veto-pen in the other. Wineburg sourcing annotation overlay: 'Made when? 1832 — election year. By whom? Whig Party (anonymous, anti-Jackson). For what audience? Whig voters. Trustworthy as neutral reportage? No — PARTISAN POLITICAL MEDIA. Trustworthy as evidence of Whig OPPOSITION? Yes.'

M-5-S-HIS-14-B Audio Physical / non-image

6-minute audio of G5-appropriate excerpts from Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen's April 1830 Senate speech (the full speech was 6 hours over 3 days). Reader: vetted historian-narrator. Pause-points at moments where Frelinghuysen quotes Indigenous treaty rights. Transcript provided.

• Apply Wineburg sourcing move to 'King Andrew' cartoon: who, when, why, for what audience?

  scaffold Sourcing routine framework
• Compare Jackson's First Annual Message rhetoric vs. Frelinghuysen's Senate speech rhetoric on Indian Removal. Identify ONE phrase from each.

  scaffold Sentence frames for comparative analysis

• Name three Jackson-era policies.
• How narrow was the Indian Removal Act House vote?

• Place Indian Removal Act May 28 1830 + Nullification Crisis 1832-33 + Bank War 1832-1836 on MG-4 Band 1 + 3
• Preview Lesson 15 — Cherokee Constitution 1827 + Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 + Worcester v. Georgia 1832

• Examine the 'King Andrew' cartoon. Identify THREE visual elements that suggest Jackson is tyrant-like. 3-sentence response.