Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) — Article IX and the Borderlands (Trauma-Informed)

Sovereignty Promise + Truth-and-Resilience Promise. Show MG-11 with Article IX excerpt in margin. Confirm caregiver letter MG-15 sent.

• Recite Promises
• Set tone for Article IX reading
• Confirm opt-outs at alternative-activity station reading Pat Mora 'Tomás'

Direct teach: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed February 2, 1848. Mexico ceded approximately 525,000 square miles to US (Mexican Cession — present-day CA/NV/UT/most of AZ/NM + parts of CO/WY). Approximately 80,000-100,000 Mexican citizens were INCORPORATED INTO THE UNITED STATES by the treaty. Read Article IX age-adapted: 'The Mexicans... shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States, and be admitted at the proper time... to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States, according to the principles of the Constitution.' CRITICAL: Mexican Americans of the borderlands were INCORPORATED — NOT immigrants. They did NOT cross a border; the border crossed THEM. Article IX promised citizenship and property rights. Post-treaty violations: California Land Act of 1851 forced Californio rancho families through expensive land-grant litigation (most lost their land); Greaser Act 1855 California; segregated schools; lynchings (1848-1928 documented); Bracero Program 1942-1964. Center community continuity: Santa Fe NM (continuous community 1610-present), Taos NM, Tucson AZ, San Antonio TX, Los Angeles CA — Mexican American communities pre-date US incorporation and continue today.

• Naming matters. 'Immigrants' implies movement; 'incorporated by treaty' names what actually happened.

  model NO — Mexican Americans of the pre-1848 borderlands were INCORPORATED INTO THE UNITED STATES by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. They did not cross a border; the border crossed THEM. Article IX of the treaty promised them citizenship and property rights. Today many Mexican American families have lived continuously in towns like Santa Fe NM since the 1600s — older than the United States.

  prompt Are Mexican Americans of the borderlands 'immigrants' to the US?

• What does Article IX of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promise?
• Were Mexican Americans of the borderlands immigrants? Why or why not?
• Was Article IX honored?

Apply MG-7 to Article IX: WHO made? US and Mexican governments; WHEN? February 2, 1848; WHY? to end the war; AGREE/DISAGREE with post-treaty events? DISAGREE — the treaty was systematically violated; CLOSE READ phrase 'enjoyment of all the rights of citizens'; WHOSE voice silent? Mexican American property holders who lost land in California Land Act litigation 1851-1880s.

• Complete MG-7 on Article IX in pairs with focus on Box 4 (corroboration with post-treaty events showing violation) and Box 6 (whose voice silent).

  scaffold Sentence frames; teacher circulates.
• Locate pre-1848 Mexican American communities on MG-11 with star markers. For your own state (if in former Mexican territory) or any state with Mexican American community: write 1-sentence community-continuity statement.

  scaffold Sentence frame: 'Santa Fe NM (or your example) has been home to Mexican American families since ___'

M-4-S-HIS-12-A Diagram

MG-7 6-box format with Article IX age-adapted excerpt at the top. Box 4 corroboration explicitly pairs Article IX with post-treaty events (California Land Act 1851; Greaser Act 1855; documented lynchings 1848-1928) showing the treaty was systematically violated. Box 6 names whose voice was silenced.

MG-7 Diagram

Federal Archive Card — child-adapted Wineburg 4-question + NMAI fifth-move primary-source analysis tool. 6 boxes: (1) WHO MADE THIS? (sourcing); (2) WHEN and WHERE? (contextualization); (3) WHY did they make it — what did they want the reader to think? (sourcing extended); (4) Does ANOTHER source AGREE or DISAGREE? (corroboration — name the other source); (5) WHAT exact words tell us most? (close reading — quote one phrase); (6) WHOSE VOICE is silent in this source, and what would they say? (NMAI 5th move). Used on every federal-archive lesson (4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18). Style: clean diagram with 6 numbered boxes on cardstock, large enough for child writing in boxes.

M-4-S-HIS-12-B Map

MG-11 with star markers on Santa Fe NM (1610), Taos NM, Tucson AZ, San Antonio TX, Los Angeles CA, Monterey CA, San Diego CA. Each marker has a small community-continuity note showing approximate founding year and current Mexican American community presence.

MG-11 Map

Mexican Cession Map — pre-1846 Mexican territory boundary (including all of present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas) shown against post-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 boundary; further changes shown for 1853 Gadsden Purchase; the original 1846 boundary shown for Texas Annexation context. Star icons mark the Mexican American towns and rancho communities that were INCORPORATED INTO the US by the treaty (NOT immigrant communities) — Santa Fe NM, Taos NM, Tucson AZ, Los Angeles CA, San Diego CA, Monterey CA, San Antonio TX. Treaty Article IX excerpt printed in margin: 'The Mexicans... shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States, and be admitted at the proper time... to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States, according to the principles of the Constitution.' Style: cartographic with clear before/after boundary lines, Article IX quoted in margin.

• What does Article IX of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo say?
• Were Mexican Americans of the borderlands immigrants? Why or why not?

• Brief Compassion Circle on holding the truth of treaty-violation alongside Mexican American community continuity
• Preview tomorrow's California Gold Rush multi-community lesson

• No homework. Optional: family conversation: 'Do we know any communities in our area that pre-date US incorporation? When did they begin?'