Analyze the Industrial-Gilded Age 1865-1900 — Bessemer steel 1856 + Carnegie Steel sold to JP Morgan 1901 for $480M + Rockefeller Standard Oil 90% US refining by 1890 + Edison Menlo Park 1876 + electric light 1879 + Tesla AC + Bell telephone 1876 + Westinghouse + railroad 1865 (35K miles) → 1900 (200K miles) + transcontinental railroad May 10 1869 with Chinese labor + Brooklyn Bridge 1883
Exercise
Difficulty 2
~6 min
hist.g8.f.ex_41
Short Answer
Prompt
How did Carnegie use 'vertical integration' to build Carnegie Steel?
How it's presented
mode
text
Answer criteria
type
rubric
criteria
- Single company owned iron ore + coal + limestone + transportation + steel mills + finished products
- Eliminated middlemen + suppliers' profit margins + controlled supply chain end-to-end
- Carnegie Steel sold to JP Morgan 1901 for $480M = ~$15B 2024 forming US Steel
Hints
- Contrast with Rockefeller's horizontal integration (merging competitors).
- Vertical = supply chain; horizontal = market share.
Misconceptions to watch
- Confusing vertical with horizontal integration
Used in lessons