Analyze the Compromise of 1877 as federal abandonment that allowed Reconstruction's violent overthrow — NOT natural collapse; document KKK + White Leagues + Red Shirts + Colfax 1873 + Hamburg 1876 + Mississippi Plan 1875 + Enforcement Acts 1870-1871 + Slaughter-House 1873 + Cruikshank 1876 + Civil Rights Cases 1883 + Compromise of 1877 per Foner 1988 + Du Bois 1935 + Gates 2019
Exercise
Difficulty 3
~6 min
hist.g8.f.ex_40
Short Answer
Prompt
What is the 'except clause' of the 13th Amendment + what system did it legally enable?
How it's presented
mode
text
Answer criteria
type
rubric
criteria
- 'except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted'
- CONVICT LEASING system 1865-1928
- Cites Blackmon 2008 Slavery by Another Name
Hints
- The clause allowed forced labor of convicted persons.
- Black Codes 1865+ criminalized 'vagrancy' + 'insolence' to enable arrests + convict leasing.
Misconceptions to watch
- Missing the loophole language
Used in lessons